1. Cancer Medicine Chapter 19
Oncology

2. Cancer Abnormal and excessive growth of cells in the body.
Cells accumulate as growths called malignant tumors which compress, invade and ultimately destroy normal tissue.

3. Tumors/Neoplasms Masses or growths that arise from normal tissue.
May be malignant or benign
Malignant tumors multiply rapidly and are invasive.

4. Malignant Tumors
Cells can detach themselves from the primary tumor site and penetrate a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel and travel to establish a new tumor at a distant site.
Secondary growth is called a metastasis.

6. What causes cancer?
Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one
Damage to genetic material

7. Carcinogenesis- page 773-774
Environmental Agents
Chemical carcinogens (cigarette smoke)
Radiation
Viruses (RNA and DNA)
Oncogenes – cause normal cells to become malignant if they are activated by mutations
Heredity

10. Classification of Cancerous Tumors – page 799
Carcinomas
epithelial cell origin, 90% of all malignancies are carcinomas
largest group of solid tumors

11. Carcinomas and the epithelial tissues from which they derive

12. Carcinomas and the epithelial tissues from which they derive (cont.)

13. Classification of Cancerous Tumors
Sarcomas: connective tissue origin, 5% of all malignancies

14. Sarcomas and the connective tissues from which they derive

15. Sarcomas and the connective tissues from which they derive (cont.)

16. Classification of Cancerous Tumors
Mixed Tissue Tumors: tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue.

17. Grading and Staging of Tumors – page 805
Grade: Degree of maturity or differentiation under the microscope
Stage: Extent of spread in the body

18. International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer

19. International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer (cont.)

20. Cancer Treatment – page 806
4 major approaches
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Biological Therapy – using body’s own defense

23. Brachytherapy – Radiation Seeds

24. Combining Forms – page 818 alveol/o – small sac (alveolar)
cac/o – bad (cachexia)
carcin/o – cancer (carcinoma)
cauter/o – burn, heat (cauterization)
chem/o – chemical drug (chemotherapy)
cry/o – cold (cryosurgery)
cyst/o – sac of fluid (cystic tumor)
fibr/o – fibers (fibrosarcoma)

25. Cryosurgery

26. Combining Forms – page 819 follicul/o – small glandular sacs
fung/I – fungus, mushroom
medull/o – soft , inner part (medullary tumor)
mucos/o – mucous membrane

27. Combining Forms – page 819 mut/a – genetic change (mutation)
mutagen/o – causing genetic change
onc/o – tumor (oncology)
papill/o – nipple like (papillary)

29. Combining Forms – page 819 pharmac/o – chemical drug (pharmacy)
plas/o – formation (dysplastic)
ple/o – many, more (pleomorphic)

30. Combining Forms polyp/o - polyp radi/o – rays, x-ray (radiotherapy)
sarc/o – flesh, connective tissue (sarcoma)

31. Suffixes – page 820 -blastoma- immature tumor -genesis - formation
-oma – mass, tumor -

32. Suffixes – page 820
plasia – formation, growth (hyperplasia) -plasm – formation, growth (neoplasm) -suppression – to stop therapy - treatment

33. Prefixes – page 820 ana- backward (anaplasia)
brachy- short (brachytherapy)
epi- upon

34. Prefixes – page 820 meta- beyond, change (metastasis)
tele- far (teletherapy)

35. Protein Markers – page 821
Measure the levels of proteins in the blood or on a surface of a tumor.
Presence of these markers tells they type of cancer.
See text for specific markers

36. Clinical Procedures to Detect or Treat Malignancies – page 821-822
Bone marrow biopsy
Bone marrow or stem cell transplant
CT scans
Fiberoptic colonoscopy
Exfoliative cytology
Laparoscopy
Mammography
MRI
Needle biopsy
Radionuclide scans
Ultrasound
X-rays