1. Industrial Revolution
EQ: What are the significant terms to know to understand the Industrial Revolution?

2. 1. Industrial Revolution
Sudden acceleration of technological and economic development that began in Britain in the 18th century and spread throughout the world
Traditional farming economy replaced by an economy dominated by machinery and manufacturing
Transferred political power away from the landowner to the industrial capitalist and created an urban working class

3. Industrial Revolution

4. 2. Agricultural Revolution
Period of time between the 18th and 19th centuries which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology

5. 2. Agricultural Revolution
Better food supply
Larger farms
Crop rotation
Synthetic fertilizers
New machines
Displacement of farm workers
Many went to to the cities looking for factory jobs

6. City of Manchester, England

7. 3. Crop rotation
Practice of growing different crops one after the other on the same land to keep the land as productive as possible
Increased food supply was a prerequisite (requirement) for industrialization
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8. 4. Industry Economic activity focused on manufacturing (making things)

9. 5. Textiles
Cloth
Textile industry (manufacturing of cloth) was the first industry to industrialize.

10. Inventions in Textile Machinery
Several inventions in textile machinery occurred in a relatively short time period during the Industrial Revolution.
•1733 Flying shuttle invented by John Kay - an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster.
•1764 Spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves - the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel.
•1764 Water frame invented by Richard Arkwright - the first powered textile machine.
•1742 Cotton mills were first opened in England.
•1773 The first all-cotton textiles were produced in factories.
•1770 Hargreaves patented the Spinning Jenny.
•1769 Arkwright patented the water frame.
•1779 Crompton invented the spinning mule that allowed for greater control over the weaving process.
Spinning jenny
Eli Whitney’s design for a cotton gin
Water frame

11. Several inventions in textile machinery occurred in a relatively short time period during the Industrial Revolution.
•1733 Flying shuttle invented by John Kay - an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster.
•1742 Cotton mills were first opened in England.
•1764 Spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves - the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel.
•1764 Water frame invented by Richard Arkwright - the first powered textile machine.
•1769 Arkwright patented the water frame.
•1770 Hargreaves patented the Spinning Jenny.
•1773 The first all-cotton textiles were produced in factories.
•1779 Crompton invented the spinning mule that allowed for greater control over the weaving process.

12. 6. Entrepreneurs
People who organize, operate, and assume the risks of a new business.
Modern examples include Bill Gates, Steven Jobs and …

13. The Industrial Revolution that occurred in Europe during the 19th century was of great importance to the economic future of the United States.
(1) transportation was expanded
(2) electricity was effectively harnessed
(3) improvements were made to industrial processes.

14. Industrial Revolution Inventors
Person
Invention
Date
James Watt
First reliable Steam Engine
1775
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets
1793, 1798
Robert Fulton
Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River
1807
Samuel F. B. Morse
Telegraph
1836
Elias Howe
Sewing Machine
1844
Isaac Singer
Improves and markets Howe's Sewing Machine
1851
Cyrus Field
Transatlantic Cable
1866
Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone
1876
Thomas Edison
Phonograph, Incandescent Light Bulb
1877, 1879
Nikola Tesla
Induction Electric Motor
1888
Rudolf Diesel
Diesel Engine
1892
Orville and Wilbur Wright
First Airplane
1903
Henry Ford
Model T Ford, Assembly Line
1908, 1913

15. 7. Factory System
An efficient combination of workers and power-driven machinery that replaced cottage industry and the craftsmen
Manufacturing of textiles was the first industry to change.
Henry Ford factory about 1913

16. 8. Urbanization
Process in which an increasing percentage of the population lives in cities
An effect of industrialization
From a significant increase in the number and size of cities in Europe and in the United States
Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities.  Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization.  When more and more inanimate sources of energy were used to enhance human productivity (industrialization), surpluses increased in both agriculture and industry.  Larger and larger proportions of a population could live in cities.   Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers.

17. 9. Capitalism
An economic system that focuses on individual ownership of wealth and property

18. 10. Adam Smith 18th century Scottish economist
Wealth of Nations attacked mercantilist ideas
Supported laissez-faire
Economy should be left alone to regulate itself by its own natural laws.
Laws of supply and demand control prices.

19. 10. Adam Smith
People should be free to pursue their economic self-interest.
Government should be a passive policeman in regulating the economy.

20. 11. Socialism
Economic theory believing that there should be common ownership of all property.
Includes common ownership of factories, railroads, and infrastructure
Founder – Karl Marx

21. Karl Marx

22. 12. Labor Union Organization of workers
Created to protest the working conditions within the original factories
Successes included:
8-hour working day
Minimum wage
End of child labor