1. The Thirteen English Colonies, 1630–1750
The American Nation
Chapter 3 and 4
The Thirteen English Colonies, 1630–1750
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 3-Colonies Take Root
The American Nation
Chapter 3-Colonies Take Root
Section 1: Building the Jamestown Colony
Section 2: The New England Colonies
Section 3: The Middle Colonies
Section 4: The Southern Colonies
Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. Building the Jamestown Colony
Chapter 3, Section 4
What challenges did the first English colonies in North America face?
How did Virginia begin a tradition of representative government?
What groups of people made up the new arrivals in Virginia after 1619?

4. Challenges at Jamestown
Chapter 3, Section 4
The settlers at Jamestown faced several challenges:
Swamps—bad water, mosquitoes, and malaria
Quarrelsome ruling council failed to make plans
Starvation
Colonists searched for gold and wouldn’t work
Poor relations with Indians

5. Beginnings of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government
Chapter 3, Section 4
The king gave the Virginia Company a charter—a legal document that gave the company certain rights.

6. Beginnings of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government
Chapter 3, Section 4
From Virginia Company reforms of 1619
New governor would consult settlers.
Male settlers would elect representatives called burgesses.
Burgesses would meet in an assembly called the House of Burgesses to make laws.

7. New Arrivals in Virginia after 1619
Chapter 3, Section 4
The Virginia Company sent about 100 women.
A Dutch ship arrived with about 20 Africans.

8. Seeking Religious Freedom
Chapter 3, Section 5
How did European states control or regulate religion?
Why did the colonists at Plymouth feel they needed the Mayflower Compact?
How were the Pilgrims able to survive early hardships?

9. European States Controlled Religion
Chapter 3, Section 5
Established church the religion supported by the state
Persecution mistreatment or punishment of people for their beliefs

10. Plymouth Colonists and the Mayflower Compact
Chapter 3, Section 5
Plymouth colonists are known as “Pilgrims” because they made a long journey for religious reasons.
They settled outside the boundaries of their charter, so its terms would not apply to them.
Therefore they wrote a framework for governing their colony—the Mayflower Compact.

11. Pilgrims Establish American Traditions
Chapter 3, Section 5
Pilgrims set important precedents, or examples for others to follow.
The idea of religious freedom
A day of thanks for a good harvest, or Thanksgiving

12. The New England Colonies
Chapter 4, Section 1
Why did the Puritans decide to leave England?
What problems in Massachusetts colony caused people to leave? 
Why were the Puritans and Native Americans at war?
Why were towns and villages important in New England life?

13. The Puritans Decide to Leave England
Chapter 4, Section 1
Who were the Puritans?
A religious group who had hoped to reform the Church of England
Why did they leave England?
The king disapproved of Puritans and their ideas, canceled Puritan business charters, and had some Puritans jailed.
They believed that England had fallen on “evil and declining times.”
They wanted to build a new society based on biblical laws and teachings.

14. Problems in Massachusetts Caused People to Leave
Chapter 4, Section 1
Who Left?
For Where?
Why?
Results
Thomas Hooker
Founded Connecticut
He thought the governor and other officials such as the General Court had too much power.
He established a colony with strict limits on government. Settlers wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
General Court—Massachusetts assembly elected by male church members
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut—a plan of government that gave all male property owners the right to vote, not just church members, and limited the governor’s power

15. Problems in Massachusetts Caused People to Leave
Chapter 4, Section 1
Who Left?
For Where?
Why?
Results
Roger Williams
Settled in Rhode Island
He believed that the Puritan church had too much power.
He set up a colony where church and state were completely separate. He fostered religious tolerance.
Anne Hutchinson
Fled to Rhode Island
She questioned the Puritan church’s teachings; she was tried and ordered out of the colony.
She later became a symbol of the struggle for religious freedom.
religious tolerance—willingness to let others practice their own beliefs.

16. Puritans and Native Americans Fought Over Land
Chapter 4, Section 1
As more colonists settled in New England, they began to take over more Native American lands.
By 1670 nearly 45,000 settlers were living in New England.
In 1675, Chief Metacom and the Wampanog Indians destroyed 12 towns and killed more than 600 settlers.

17. Towns and Villages Were Important in New England Life
Chapter 4, Section 1
In the center of each village was the common, an open field where the settlers’ cattle grazed.
The Puritans worshiped in the village meeting house. They took their Sabbath, or holy day of rest, seriously.
Settlers gathered at the meeting house for town meetings, where they discussed and voted on issues.
Some towns became important centers of trade and shipbuilding.

18. Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Puritans established Massachusetts Bay Colony to build a new society
a) that would expand the Church of England.
b) where church members and nonchurch members alike could vote.
c) based on their views of biblical laws and teachings.
d) where church and state were completely separate.
Which statement is NOT true of the New England Colonies?
a) Settlers spoke their minds at town meetings.
b) Fishing and shipbuilding were important economic activities.
c) Religion had an important influence on colonial life.
d) Farmers plowed broad, fertile fields to grow wheat.
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

19. Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 4, Section 1
The Puritans established Massachusetts Bay Colony to build a new society
a) that would expand the Church of England.
b) where church members and nonchurch members alike could vote.
c) based on their views of biblical laws and teachings.
d) where church and state were completely separate.
Which statement is NOT true of the New England Colonies?
a) Settlers spoke their minds at town meetings.
b) Fishing and shipbuilding were important economic activities.
c) Religion had an important influence on colonial life.
d) Farmers plowed broad, fertile fields to grow wheat.
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

20. The Middle Colonies
Chapter 4, Section 2
Why did the colony of New Netherland become the colony of New York?
Why did New Jersey separate from New York?
How was Pennsylvania founded?
What was life like in the Middle Colonies?

21. New Netherland Became New York
Chapter 4, Section 2
1626 and on
The Dutch set up the colony of New Netherland. Settlers traded in furs. New Amsterdam became a thriving port.
To encourage farming, Dutch officials granted huge estates to a few rich families. Owners of the estates were called patroons.
People from different religious groups flocked to New Netherland because of its religious tolerance. The colony grew.
Rivalry for trade and colonies increased between England and the Netherlands. The governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, swore to defend his colony.
Stuyvesant was unpopular because of his harsh rule and heavy taxes. When English warships entered the harbor, the colonists refused to help the governor. The English took over without a shot.
1664
The king of England gave New Netherland to the Duke of York. New Netherland became New York.

22. New Jersey Separated From New York
Chapter 4, Section 2
The Duke of York thought that New York was too big to govern easily.
He gave up some land to friends. They set up a new colony, New Jersey, which was a proprietary colony. In a proprietary colony, the king gave land to one or more people. These proprietors could divide the land and make laws for it.
Settlers came from many countries.
In 1702, New Jersey became a royal colony, which is a colony under the direct control of the English crown.

23. William Penn Founded Pennsylvania
Chapter 4, Section 2
In England, William Penn joined the Quakers, a religious group that believed that all people were equal in God’s sight. Quakers were against war.
Quakers were arrested, fined, or even hanged for their ideas.
Penn believed the Quakers must leave England. He turned to the king for help.
The king issued a royal charter naming Penn proprietor of a new colony, later called Pennsylvania.
Penn called for fair treatment of Native Americans.
Penn welcomed settlers of different faiths and people from many countries, including Germany. Other colonists called the Germans Pennsylvania Dutch, from the word “Deutsch,” which means German.

24. Features of Life in the Middle Colonies
Chapter 4, Section 2
Cash crops—crops that are sold for money at market
Large farms
Skilled artisans
Homes far apart
Settlers from many different countries
Many styles of building
Coastal area plus the backcountry

25. Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 4, Section 2
The colonies of New York and Pennsylvania were both settled by
a) the Dutch.
b) Puritans.
c) people of many different religious backgrounds.
d) friends of the Duke of York.
Which description does NOT fit the Middle Colonies?
a) large farms with fields of grain planted in rich, fertile soil
b) settlers of many different religious backgrounds
c) settlers from many different countries
d) pumpkins and squash grown in poor, rocky soil on small farms
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

26. Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 4, Section 2
The colonies of New York and Pennsylvania were both settled by
a) the Dutch.
b) Puritans.
c) people of many different religious backgrounds.
d) friends of the Duke of York.
Which description does NOT fit the Middle Colonies?
a) large farms with fields of grain planted in rich, fertile soil
b) settlers of many different religious backgrounds
c) settlers from many different countries
d) pumpkins and squash grown in poor, rocky soil on small farms
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

27. The Southern Colonies Why was Maryland important to Roman Catholics?
Chapter 4, Section 3
Why was Maryland important to Roman Catholics?
How were the Carolinas and Georgia founded?
What two ways of life developed in the Southern Colonies?

28. Maryland Was Important to Roman Catholics
Chapter 4, Section 3
1632—Sir George Calvert became a Roman Catholic. He asked King Charles I for a colony in the Americas for Catholics. Calvert died. His son, Lord Baltimore, took over.
1634—Settlers arrived in Maryland. Lord Baltimore appointed a governor and council of advisers, but he let colonists elect an assembly.
1649—Lord Baltimore asked the assembly to pass an Act of Toleration, a law that provided religious freedom for all Christians.

29. Bacon’s Rebellion
Chapter 4, Section 3
Settlers arrived in Virginia, expecting profits from planting tobacco.
Wealthy planters already had the best lands near the coast. Newcomers were pushed farther inland, onto Indian lands.
Settlers and Indians clashed.
Settlers asked the governor for help. He wouldn’t act.
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon organized angry frontier planters. They raided Native American villages, then burned Jamestown.
The revolt soon ended when Bacon died suddenly.

30. The Carolinas and Georgia Are Founded
Chapter 4, Section 3
Carolinas
North:
poor tobacco farmers from Virginia
small farms
South:
eight English nobles
Charles Town
settlers from the Caribbean
rice and indigo, a plant used to make blue dye
enslaved Africans
Georgia
James Oglethorpe
debtors, or people who owed money and could not pay

31. Two Ways of Life in the Southern Colonies
Chapter 4, Section 3
Land
Farms
Crops
Slavery
Tidewater Plantations
Backcountry
coastal plain, many rivers
rolling hills, thick forests
large plantations
small farms
tobacco, rice, indigo
tobacco, garden crops
Enslaved Africans tended Tidewater plantations
Few enslaved Africans worked backcountry farms.

32. Spain Builds an Empire
Chapter 3, Section 2
How did conquistadors defeat two Indian empires?
What areas did the Spanish explore?
How did Spain settle and organize its colonies?
What was life like for Native Americans under Spanish rule?

33. The Spanish Explored Vast Areas of North and South America.
Chapter 3, Section 2

34. How Spain Organized Its Colonies
Chapter 3, Section 2
Spain’s Laws of the Indies set up three kinds of settlements:
Pueblos—towns, centers of farming and trade
Presidios—forts where soldiers lived
Missions—religious settlements run by priests and friars

35. Four Social Classes
Chapter 3, Section 2
Spain’s Laws of the Indies set up four social classes:
Peninsulares—people born in Spain
Creoles—people born in the Americas to Spanish parents
Mestizos—people of mixed Spanish and Indian background
Indians—treated as conquered people

36. Chapters 4: The Colonies Life in the Colonies
The American Nation
Chapters 4: The Colonies Life in the Colonies
Section 1: Roots of Self-Government
Section 2: Colonial Society
Section 3: Slavery in the Colonies
Section 4: The Spread of New Ideas
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

37. Roots of Self-Government
Why did England want to regulate colonial trade?
What were colonial governments like?
How were the liberties of the colonists limited?
Why did the slave trade grow in the 1700s?

38. The English Parliamentary Tradition
From English tradition:
Magna Carta—The Great Charter of 1215 that said the king could not raise taxes without consulting a Great Council of leaders.
Parliament—Great Council grew into an assembly of representatives that make laws

39. What Colonial Governments Were Like
Part of Government
How Chosen
What They Did
Governor
appointed by the king or by the colony’s proprietor
directed the colony’s affairs and enforced laws
Legislature
upper house—a group of advisers appointed by the governor
lower house—an elected assembly
people who had the power to make laws
made laws
approved laws; protected the rights of citizens; approved taxes

40. Rights Under Colonial Governments
Colonists had rights as English Subjects.
1688 In the Glorious Revolution, Parliament replaced King James II with William and Mary.
1689 William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights.
protected rights of individuals
guaranteed right to trial by jury
said the ruler could not raise taxes or army without approval of Parliament
Some colonists had the right to vote.
white Christian men over the age of 21 who owned property
in some colonies, only members of a particular church
bill of rights—a written list of freedoms the government promises to protect

41. England Regulated Colonial Trade
England believed in an economic theory called mercantilism, which said:
A nation became strong by strictly controlling its trade.
A country should export more than it imported. exports goods sent to markets outside a country imports goods brought into a country To enforce mercantilism, England passed the Navigation Acts, laws that regulated trade between England and the colonies so that England benefited.
Only colonial or English ships could carry goods to and from the colonies.
Colonial merchants could ship goods such as tobacco and cotton only to England.
Colonists were encouraged to build their own ships.

42. England Regulated Colonial Trade
Yankees—a nickname for New England traders—dominated colonial trade.
Colonial merchants developed many trade routes. One route was known as the triangular trade.
Colonial merchants sometimes defied the Navigation Acts by buying goods from the Dutch, French, and Spanish West Indies.

43. Limits on Liberties of Colonists
Women had fewer rights than free, white males.
Married women had fewer rights than unmarried women and widows.
Africans had almost no rights.
Native Americans had almost no rights.

44. Life in the Colonies
What class differences existed in colonial society?
How did the Great Awakening affect the colonies?
How did the colonists educate their children?
How were the colonies affected by the spread of new ideas?

45. Social Classes in Colonial Society
Gentry
wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, successful lawyers, royal officials
Middle Class
farmers, skilled craftsworkers, some tradespeople
Lower Class
farmhands, indentured servants—people who signed contracts to work without wages in return for their ocean passage—and slaves

46. Why the Slave Trade Grew in the 1700s
Chapter 4, Section 3
1619
1600s
Early 1700s
1700s
First enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia.
Some Africans remained enslaved, some were servants, a few were free.
Carolina plantations needed large numbers of workers.
The planters came to rely on slave labor.
Slave ships carried millions of enslaved Africans west across the Atlantic.
Colonists enacted slave codes.
Many colonists displayed racism, though a few spoke out against slavery.
slave codes—laws that set out rules for slaves’ behavior; treated enslaved Africans as property
racism—the belief that one race is superior to another

47. Education in the Colonies
New England
Massachusetts required all parents to teach their children “to read and understand the principles of religion.”
Massachusetts set up the first public schools, or schools supported by taxes.
The earliest schools had one room for students of all ages.
Middle Colonies
Southern Colonies
Apprenticeships
Churches and families set up private schools. Only wealthy families could educate their children.
Some planters hired tutors, or private teachers. Sons of the very wealthy went to school in England. Slave were usually denied education.
Boys might serve as apprentices to learn a trade or craft by living with a master and working for free in return for training.

48. The Great Awakening Touched the Colonists
In the 1730s and 1740s, a religious movement known as the Great Awakening swept through the colonies.
The Great Awakening began with powerful ministers.
It led many people to split from their old churches and start new ones.
The growth of so many churches forced people to be more tolerant of different beliefs.
New preachers argued that formal training was less important than a heart filled with the holy spirit.
This thinking encouraged a spirit of independence. If people could learn to worship on their own, they could govern themselves. People felt freer to challenge political authority.

49. The Spread of New Ideas
The Enlightenment was a movement started in Europe by thinkers who applied reason and logic instead of superstition to understand the world.
English philosopher John Locke wrote that people could gain knowledge by observing and experimenting.
Benjamin Franklin demonstrated the spirit of the Enlightenment. He used reason to invent useful devices and improve his world.
City life encouraged the development of cultural events, such as the theater and the growth of the newspaper.
The growth of colonial newspapers led to a dispute over freedom of the press.
Newspaper publisher John Peter Zenger was tried for libel—the act of publishing a statement that may unjustly damage a person’s reputation. The jury agreed that since the stories were true, Zenger had not committed libel—a step toward freedom of the press.