1. Section 1: Discovering Cells What are Cells?
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

2. How can we see cells?
Cells are two small to be seen with the naked eye so we must use a microscope

3. What is a Microscope?
A microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look larger
A compound microscope contains more than one lens

4. How do Microscopes Work?
Some microscopes use lenses to focus light onto an object
The lenses in light microscopes are similar to the clear curved pieces of glass used in eyeglasses

5. Who was Robert Hooke?
He was one of the first people to observe cells
He observed cork cells using a microscope he had built himself

6. Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
He was a Dutch businessman who observed water from a pond and was the first person to see what are now called bacteria

7. What is the cell theory?
A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things

8. For a light microscope to be useful what two properties must be combined?
Magnification
Resolution

9. What is Magnification?
The ability to make things look larger than they are

10. How do light microscopes make things look bigger?
The lens or lenses in a light microscope magnify an object by bending the light that passes through them

11. What is a Convex Lens? A lens with a curved shape
These lenses cause the light passing through the sides to bend inward; when this light hits the eye the object seems larger

12. How does a compound microscope magnify an object even more?
It has more than one lens
Light passes through a specimen and then through two lenses

13. How do you calculate total magnification?
The total magnification is equal to the magnification of the two lenses multiplied together
Example: First lens(10) second lens(40) total = 400

14. What is resolution?
The ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object
Another term for sharpness

15. What other kind of microscopes are there?
Electron Microscopes – use a beam of electrons instead of light to examine a specimen

16. Section 2: What is inside a cell?
Organelles – tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell

17. What is the structure surrounding the cell?
Cell wall - a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organelles

18. What is the cell wall made of?
Cellulose – a tough, yet flexible, material (fiber)
Wood contains a lot of cellulose

19. What is the function of the cell wall?
A plant’s cell wall helps to protect and support the cell
Cell walls allow trees to stand so tall

20. If the cell wall is so stiff can materials still pass through the cell wall?
Yes, many materials, including water and oxygen, can pass through the cell wall

21. What is just inside the cell wall?
Cell membrane – controls what substances come into and out of a cell
All cells have cell membranes

22. How does the cell membrane allow things to pass through?
There are tiny pores in the membrane that allow things to pass through like a window screen

23. What is the large, oval structure located within the cell?
Nucleus – the cell’s control center, directing all of the cell’s activities

24. What is found within and surrounding the nucleus?
Nuclear Membrane
Chromatin
Nucleolus

25. What structure surrounds the nucleus?
The nuclear membrane – protects the nucleus

26. How does the nucleus know how to direct the cell?
Chromatin – strands that contain genetic material, the instructions that direct the functions of a cell

27. What is the smaller structure located within the nucleus?
Nucleolus – where ribosomes are made (ribosomes are the organelles where proteins are produced)

28. What is the clear, thick, gel-like fluid outside of the nucleus?
Cytoplasm – the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus

29. Where are most cell organelles found?
In the Cytoplasm:
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
Lysosomes

30. What are the rod-shaped structures located within the cytoplasm?
Mitochondria – known as the “powerhouses”of the cell because they produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions

31. What forms a maze of passageways?
The endoplasmic reticulum – the passageways carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another

32. What is attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Ribsomes – Small grainlike bodies
Can also be found floating in the cytoplasm
Function as factories to produce proteins

33. What are the structures that look like a flattened collection of sacs and tubes?
Golgi Bodies – receive proteins and other new materials, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell
Known as the cell’s mailroom

34. What are the large green structures in the cytoplasm?
Chloroplasts – capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
Animal cells do not have these; plant cells do
These give plants their color

35. What is the large, round, water-filled sac in the cytoplasm?
Vacuoles – The storage area of the cell
Most plant cells have one large vacuole

36. What else can be found in the cytoplasm?
Lysosome - Small, round structures that contain chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones

37. How are bacterial cells different from plant and animal cells?
Smaller
No nucleus - genetic material is found in the cytoplasm

38. Are we made up of all the same cells?
No, we are made up of many different cells (skin, bone, etc.)
Cells are structured to suit their unique function