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Structure and Function cells overview
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Section 1: Introduction to the Cell
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Discovery of Cells The invention of the lens
Robert Hooke (1665): observed a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells) with a microscope. He described what he observed as “little boxes” (cells).
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Discovery of Cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1675): was the first person to observe living cells.
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Microscopes Magnification: refers to the microscope’s power to increase an object’s apparent size Resolution: refers to the microscope’s power to show detail clearly
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Light Microscope
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Herpes Virus Plant Root Cell
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Mosquito Head 200X 2000X
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Fly Eye
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Inside of Stomach Surface of Tongue Neuron
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Pollen Yeast Red Blood Cell, Platelet, and White Blood Cell
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TEM vs. SEM Viruses leaving a cell
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The Cell Theory What is the cell theory?
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function. 3. Cells come only from existing cells.
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Cell Diversity- Size Smallest Cells: Biggest Cells: Longest Cells:
6 inches long, 5 inches wide, 3 pounds Ostrich Egg
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Surface Area to Volume Ratio
SA = 6lw V = lwh SA = 6 mm2 V = 1 mm3 SA/V = 6:1 SA = 24 mm2 V = 8 mm3 SA/V = 3:1 SA = 96 mm2 V increases faster than SA V = 64 mm3 SA/V = 1.5:1
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Cell Diversity- Shape Cells differ widely in shape.
Most cells are roughly cuboidal or spherical.
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Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protists) and prokaryotes (bacteria) differ greatly in structure.
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Cell Organelles and Functions
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Cell Wall Function: boundary around the plant cell provides structure and support made up of cellulose, proteins, and carbohydrates Plants only
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Cell Membrane Function: selectively permeable boundary allowing for transport in and out of the cell phospholipid bilayer Found in Plants and Animals
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Cytoplasm Gelatin-like fluid that lies inside the cell membrane
-surrounds the organelles Plants and Animals
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Nucleus Function: -storage center of cell’s DNA -manages cell functions Nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus-allows ribosomes to move out of the nucleus Plants and Animals
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Nucleolus Makes ribosomes for the cell Location: inside the nucleus
Plant and animal
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Chromosomes Contains genetic material (chromatin and DNA)
Location-in the nucleus Plants and animals
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Mitochondria Process involved=cellular respiration Plants and Animals
Function: -converts energy stored in food into usable energy for work Process involved=cellular respiration Plants and Animals
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Ribosomes Function: makes proteins (protein synthesis)
Plants and Animals Found free in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: intercellular highway (a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another) Two types: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Plants and Animals
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER): makes large amounts of proteins to be exported from the cell Covered with ribosomes
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER): involved in the synthesis of lipids Not covered with ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus Function: receives proteins from the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out of the cell (receiving, processing, packaging, and shipping) Plants and Animals
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Lysosomes Structure: contains enzymes
Function: breaks down food particles, invading objects, or worn out cell parts Animals only
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Vacuoles Structure: a sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane
Very large in plants Function: used for temporary storage of wastes, nutrients, and water Animals=vesicles
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Plastids-contains pigment or starch
There are three types of plastids in plant cells: Chloroplasts (discussed on next slide) Chromoplasts: synthesize and store pigments Leucoplasts: store food such as starches, proteins, and lipids Chromoplasts Leucoplasts Red Pepper Flower
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Chloroplasts Function: photosynthesis (conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose) Plants only
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Centrioles sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
Exist in pairs Function: centrioles play a major role in cell division (mitosis) Animals only
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Cytoskeleton Structure: a network of thin, fibrous elements made up of microtubules (hollow tubes) and microfilaments (threads made out of actin) Function: -acts as a support system for organelles -maintains cell shape Animals only
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Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Animal cells are very similar to plant cells except for the following major differences: Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts Animal cells are not surrounded by cell walls The vacuoles in plants are much larger than those of animals
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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Microscope Pictures of a Plant Cell and an Animal Cell
Elodea Human Cheek Cells
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The following is a list of tissues that have specialized functions and demonstrate corresponding specialization of subcellular structure. Match the tissue with the letter of the cell structures and organelles listed to the right that would be abundant in these cells. Tissues Cell Structures and Organelles 1. Enzyme (protein)-secreting A. plasma membrane cells of the pancreas B. mitochondria 2. Insect flight muscles C. Golgi apparatus D. chloroplast 3. Cells lining the respiratory E. ER passages F. cillia & flagella 4. White blood cells that engulf G. vacuole and destroy invading bacteria H. ribosome 5. Leaf cells in cacti I. lysosome
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Hierarchy of Biological Order
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Magic School Bus goes Cellular
Bill Nye and Cells
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THE END!
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