1. The Central Nervous System

2. The Brain Composed of about 10 billion multipolar neurons
Divided into three major portions: cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem
Cerebrum controls sensory and motor functions, higher mental functions – memory and reasoning (Divided into sections)
Cerebellum coordinates voluntary muscle activity
Brain stem regulates visceral activities and connects various parts of the nervous system

3. Frontal Lobe: Most anterior, right under the forehead. Functions:
How we know what we are doing within our environment (Consciousness). Controls our emotional response. Controls our expressive language. Assigns meaning to the words we choose. Involves word associations.
Memory for habits and motor activities.
Observed Problems:
Loss of simple movement of various body parts (Paralysis). Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements needed to complete multi-stepped tasks, such as making coffee (Sequencing). Inability to focus on task (Attending) Changes in social behavior. Changes in personality. Difficulty with problem solving.
Inability to express language (Broca's Aphasia).

4. Parietal Lobe: near the back and top of the head. Functions:
Location for visual attention. Location for touch perception. Goal directed voluntary movements. Manipulation of objects.
Integration of different senses that allows for understanding a single concept.
Observed Problems:
Inability to attend to more than one object at a time. Inability to name an object (Anomia). Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia). Problems with reading (Alexia). Difficulty with drawing objects. Difficulty in distinguishing left from right. Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia). Inability to focus visual attention.
Difficulties with eye and hand coordination.

5. Occipital Lobes: Most posterior, at the back of the head. Functions:
Vision
Observed Problems:
Defects in vision (Visual Field Cuts). Difficulty with locating objects in environment. Difficulty with identifying colors (Color Agnosia). Production of hallucinations Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects. Word blindness - inability to recognize words. Difficulty in recognizing drawn objects. Inability to recognize the movement of an object (Movement Agnosia).
Difficulties with reading and writing.

6. Temporal Lobes: Side of head above ears. Functions:
Hearing ability Memory acquisition Some visual perceptions
Categorization of objects.
Observed Problems:
Difficulty in recognizing faces. Difficulty in understanding spoken words. Short-term memory loss. Inability to categorize objects (Categorization). Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking.
Increased aggressive behavior.

7. BRAIN STEM Deep in Brain, leads to spinal cord. Functions:
Breathing Heart Rate Swallowing Reflexes to seeing and hearing (Startle Response). Controls sweating, blood pressure, digestion, temperature (Autonomic Nervous System). Affects level of alertness. Ability to sleep.
Sense of balance (Vestibular Function).
Observed Problems:
Decreased vital capacity in breathing, important for speech. Swallowing food and water (Dysphagia). Difficulty with organization/perception of the environment. Problems with balance and movement. Dizziness and nausea (Vertigo).
Sleeping difficulties (Insomnia, sleep apnea).

8. Brain Stem Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Midbrain – several masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers = vision reflex and auditory reflex
Pons – relay sensory impulses from peripheral nerves to higher brain centers
Medulla oblongata – similar to the pons, but also controls the cardiac center, vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, and respiratory center.

9. CEREBELLUM Located at the base of the skull. Functions:
Coordination of voluntary movement Balance and equilibrium
Some memory for reflex motor acts.
Observed Problems:
Loss of ability to coordinate fine movements. Loss of ability to walk. Inability to reach out and grab objects. Tremors. Dizziness (Vertigo). Slurred Speech (Scanning Speech).
Inability to make rapid movements.

10. Diencephalon
Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and medial forebrain
Comprised mostly of gray matter
Hypothalamus is important in maintaining homeostais by regulating:
Secretions that stimulate the pituitary gland
Heart rate
Water and electrolyte balance
Hunger and body weight
Glandular secretions
Body temp
Sleep and wakefulness

11. Cranial Nerves

12. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal smell
Pair of nerves
What is does
Olfactory
smell
2. Optic
vision
3. Oculomotor
Raise eyelids, move the eye, controls involuntary muscles of the eye, adjusts amount of light into the eyes
4. Trochlear
Carries motor impulses to the fifth voluntary muscle of the eye
5. Trigeminal
Ophthalmic division = sensory fibers from the surface of the eye, tear glands, anterior scalp, forehead, upper eyelids
Maxillary division = upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip
Mandibular division = scalp behind ears, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, lower lip

13. 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal
Pair of nerves
What is does
6. Abducens
Moves the rest of the eye
7. Facial
Taste, anterior two-thirds of tongue, facial expression
8. Vestibulocochlear
Vestibular branch = maintain equilibrium
Cochlear branch = hearing
9. Glossopharyngeal
Tongue and pharynx, tonsils, posterior third of tongue
10. Vagus
Somatic= Larynx, swallowing, speech
Autonomic = heart and smooth muscles
11. Accessory
Cranial branch = soft palate, pharynx, larynx
Spinal branch = neck muscles
12. Hypoglossal
Move the tongue for speaking, chewing, swallowing

14. The Spinal Cord

15. Spinal Cord
connected to the brain and is about the diameter of a human finger
descends down the middle of the back and is surrounded and protected by the bony vertebral column
surrounded by a clear fluid called Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF), that acts as a cushion to protect the delicate nerve tissues against damage from banging against the inside of the vertebrae
transmit electrical information to and from the limbs, trunk and organs of the body, back to and from the brain

16. 31 pair of Spinal Nerves 8 pair = cervical nerves
12 pair = thoracic nerves
5 pair = lumbar nerves
5 pair = sacral nerves
1 pair = coccygeal nerves
Plexuses = nerves are sorted and recombined so that fibers innervate a particular peripheral body part, reach it in the same nerve, even though fibers originate from different spinal nerves
Form complex networks called Plexuses

17. Spinal Nerves
There are four main groups of spinal nerves which exit different levels of the spinal cord.
These are in descending order down the vertebral column:
Cervical Nerves "C" : (nerves in the neck) supply movement and feeling to the arms, neck and upper trunk. Muscle impulses of the diaphragm (the phrenic nerve)
Thoracic Nerves "T" : (nerves in the upper back) supply the trunk and abdomen.
Brachial Plexus = deep in shoulders between neck and armpits, supplies the muscles and skin of arm, forearm, and hand
Lumbar Nerves "L" and Sacral Nerves "S" : (nerves in the lower back) supply the legs, the bladder, bowel and sexual organs.

18. Anterior thoracic spinal nerves do not enter plexus
Enter in the spaces between ribs = intercostal nerves
Supply the intercostal muscles, upper abdomen wall muscles – sensory impulses from skin, thorax and abdomen

20. Brain Dominance
Brain dominance refers to a preference for using one hemisphere of the brain over the other hemisphere.
The left hemisphere of the brain is rational, analytical, and verbal.
The right hemisphere is holistic and intuitive, responsive to visual imagery.

21. What side of the brain is dominant for you?
Right-brained learners prefer:
pictures, diagrams, charts, or graphs,
video,
talking about feelings,
social activities,
music,
attention to the "big picture," and
creative activities and projects
Left-brained learners prefer:
lots of reading,
writing,
assignments involving reasoning and analyzing,
attention to detail
quantitative methods,
linear, organized approach to lessons, and
a syllabus showing what will happen when.