1. Review for semester 1 final exam 01/26/2015

2. Subatomic particles Ions & Isotopes Ionic Compounds Periodic Trends Miscellaneous 100 200 300 400 500 Jeopardy Trash Ball

3. Subatomic Particles : 100 Where are neutrons located? Back Answer: In the nucleus

4. Back Which subatomic particle(s) make up most of an atom’s mass? Answer: Protons and Neutrons Subatomic Particles : 200

5. Back Subatomic Particles : 300 What did Rutherford’s gold foil experiment discover about atoms? Answer: Atoms are mostly made up of empty space.

6. Back Why can’t we measure the exact radius of an atom? Answer: The electron cloud does not have a defined edge. Subatomic Particles : 400

7. Back How did scientists discover the existence of electrons? Answer: Cathode Ray Tube – the stream of particles (electrons) were attracted to the positive plate.Cathode Ray Tube Subatomic Particles : 500

8. Back Ions & Isotopes : 100 Why is the average atomic mass not a whole number ? Answer: It is a WEIGHTED average of all the isotopes of that element

9. Back Explain the octet rule. Answer: The octet rule states that atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons in order to get 8 valence electrons. Ions & Isotopes : 200

10. Back What type of ions do alkaline earth metals and halogens tend to make? Answer: Alkaline earth metals = cations, Halogens = anions Ions & Isotopes : 300

11. Back Why is Cl 1- more stable than neutral Cl. Answer: Cl 1- has 8 valence electrons while Cl only has 7. The octet configuration is the more stable form. Ions & Isotopes : 400

12. Answer: Carbon-12 is the most stable because it is the closest to the weighted atomic mass so it is the most abundant. The more abundant an isotope is, the more stable it is. Back Which is the most stable carbon isotope: carbon-10, carbon-12, carbon-14? Why? Ions & Isotopes : 500

13. Back Define ionic bond. Answer: Ionic Bond is when atoms transfer electrons to form ions. The ions are attracted to each other creating an ionic bond. Ionic Compounds : 100

14. Back What is the correct formula for the compound made of potassium and chloride ions? Answer: KCl Ionic Compounds : 200

15. Back What is the correct name for this formula: Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ? Answer: Lead (II) Nitrate Ionic Compounds : 300

16. Back Which two ions come together to make iron (II) sulfide? Answer: Fe 2+ and S 2- Ionic Compounds : 400

17. Back Why is Iron Phosphate an incorrect name? Answer: Because iron is a transition element and can have more than 1 possible charge so roman numerals and needed to tell which ion is in the compound. Ionic Compounds : 500

18. Back Define periodic trend. Answer: Periodic trend is a pattern in the periodic table. Periodic Trends : 100

19. Back How does atomic radius change in each period? Answer: As you move left to right in each period, the atomic radius decreases. Periodic Trends : 200

20. Back What happens to atomic radius down a group? Why? Answer: Atomic radius increases because there are greater energy levels and electron shielding decreases coulombic attraction so the electron cloud can get bigger. Periodic Trends : 300

21. Back The ionization energy of oxygen, selenium, and tellurium are 192 MJ, 98 MJ, and 44 MJ. What is the estimated ionization energy for sulfur? Answer: Somewhere between 192 MJ and 98 MJ. Periodic Trends : 400

22. Where on the periodic table do we find the most electronegative elements? Why? Answer: Upper right because those elements have the smallest radii, so they have the strongest coulombic attraction. They are need electrons to reach the octet rule so they attract other electrons the most. Back Periodic Trends : 500

23. Back 20,000 mm = _____m ? Answer: 20 meters Miscellaneous : 100

24. Back Convert to scientific notation: 34,000 Miscellaneous : 200

25. Back What is the law of conservation of mass? Answer: Matter cannot be created nor destroyed. Miscellaneous : 300

26. Answer: Controlled variables are variables that do not change throughout the experiment. They are important because if they change, they may affect the dependent variable. Back What are controlled variables and why are they important? Miscellaneous : 400

27. Answer: PES tells us that electrons are in suborbitals which are similar in energy so they are part of the same principal energy level. Back What does Photoelectron Spectroscopy tell us about the structure of the atom? Miscellaneous : 500