1. Bellwork: 09/13/2013 Some biology students will be in the classroom briefly to observe and answer the following questions. I would like you guys to help them with their observations & questions: 1.What were some structural differences in the fish that gave them more of an advantage compared to other fish? 2. Give an example of commensalism you observed. 3. Give an example of predation. 4. Name 2 fish that were in competition and name the resource they were fighting over. (Be specific.)

2. Bellwork: 09/16/2013 1.Label the zones of the ocean & describe the amount of light that will be found in each: 2.I will not be here tomorrow morning

3. History of Oceanography

4. Why study historic oceanography? Connected to the world’s overall history – –Commerce, warfare, resources, weather The oceans have shaped humanity’s past

5. Why study Oceanographic History? Understand how and why people apply marine sciences today Oceanography’s history is about people, not just oceans and test tubes.

6. Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 B.C. to 800 A.D.) Not sure when ocean voyages actually began – –Fish hooks and spears dated approximately 5000 B.C. Earliest recorded sea voyage – Egyptians about 3200 B.C.

7. Phoenician Explorations Most important early Western seafarers Motivated by trade Established first trade routes throughout the Mediterranean and as far north as Great Britain

8. Phoenician Navigation Stayed within sight of land Traveled at night – steered by observing constellations and the North Star. In the ancient world, the North Star was called the Phoenician Star

9. Polynesian Exploration Between 2000 and 500 B.C. Often traveled thousands of kilometers across open ocean Open canoes cut from tree trunks Developed stick maps with ocean currents Settled most of the islands in the Pacific Ocean hundreds of years before Europeans reached Pacific Ocean

10. Polynesian Significance Earliest known regular, long- distance, open- ocean seafaring beyond sight of land

11. Greek Exploration First who used mathematical principles and developed sophisticated maps for seafaring Pytheas – Greek explorer, noted that he could predict tides in Atlantic based on phases of moon He also measured angle between horizon and the North Star to determine position – improved navigation

12. Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C) 2 major contributions that furthered Pytheas’ work Calculated Earth’s Circumference ~40,000 km Invented first latitude/longitude system

13. Map of World – According to Eratosthenes

14. Ptolemy (100-168 A.D.) Created map of Earth that showed a portion of the Earth as a sphere on flat paper. Produced first world atlas Improved longitude/latitude system – –System still used today

15. Middle Ages (800 A.D.-1400)

16. Vikings (790 A.D. to 1100) Vikings of Scandinavia were active explorers during The 9 th century Discovered Iceland and Greenland Leif Eriksson – son of Eric The Red, set off in search of timber for Greenland Colony and discovered North America (Newfoundland, Canada)

17. European Exploration and the Renaissance Prince Henry the navigator, (1420’s) founded first school of navigation Christopher Columbus (1490’s) was attempting to find a west-ward route to India when he reached the Bahama Islands Ferdinand Magellan (1520) led the expedition that first circumnavigated the word; he was killed in the Philippines

18. Magellan’s Circumnavigation of World

19. The Beginning of Ocean Science

20. 18 th Century Previous exploration driven by military, trade, or conquest objectives Royal Navy of Britain launched voyages with objectives of exploration, mapping and projecting British presence around the world

21. Ben Franklin and the Gulf Stream (1777) Noted northerly routed ship from Europe took longer than ships that came by a longer more southerly route Learned about gulf stream from nephew, who gave his uncle a chart Franklin had the chart printed and distributed to the captains of mail ships. They shortened their inbound voyages by avoiding the current and they shortened their outbound voyages by using the current.

22. Darwin, Coral Reefs and Biological Evolution From 1831 to 1836 a naturalist for the HMS Beagle circumnavigated the southern oceans and oceanic islands. Darwin observed birds and other organisms on isolated islands, most of his research took place in the Galapagos Islands. In 1859, his observations were published in the book “On the origin of Species”.

23. The Rosses, Edward Forbes, and life in the deep sea John Ross took samples and animals in Baffin bay (Canada) Later James Ross took samples from Antarctic ocean bottom at 4.3 Miles John Ross and James Ross found that there are some bottom dwelling creatures in Baffin Bay and Antarctic Ocean. They discovered that deep Atlantic is uniformly cold. Forbes – Oceans divided into life-depth zones; concluded that ocean life decrease as depth increases. This contrasted with Rosses finings and created dispute for decades in Britain.

24. The Ocean as Laboratory : The Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) The expedition covered 79,178 miles. 2 contributions: – –Discovery and classification of 4,717 new marine species – –Measurement of record water depth at the Mariana Trench of 26,847 feet.

25. Polar oceanography begins with the voyage of the Fram Fridtjof Nansen set out with a crew of 13 on a boat called Fram to explore the Artic sea. His boat became frozen in ice and drifted for 3 years His drift proved that there was no continent in the Artic sea.

26. Twentieth century oceanography

27. The expansion of oceanography German U-boat led to the invention of the echo sounder to detect submarines German U-boat led to the invention of the echo sounder to detect submarines WW2_military performed and supported many studies on transmission of sound in the ocean waves, currents, and ocean- floor topography. WW2_military performed and supported many studies on transmission of sound in the ocean waves, currents, and ocean- floor topography. After WW2 U.S. government established a Sea Grant program to fund ocean research After WW2 U.S. government established a Sea Grant program to fund ocean research

28. The history behind plate tectonic theory In 1915, Alfred Wegener developed the theory of continental drift. – –He conceived of a single ancient landmass called Pangaea that began to break 180 million years ago. Fredrick Vine and Drummond Matthews provided evidence for sea floor spreading in 1963 – –They mapped magnetic patterns of the ocean floor, which showed parallel bands of similarly magnetized reaches on either side of oceanic mountain ranges. Which were records of changes in Earth’s magnetic field over time

29. Increased pressure on body cavities and gases dissolved in body tissues limits duration of dives. Decompressing is necessary at greater depths because rapid ascending turns dissolved gases in tissues into nitrogen. These nitrogen bubbles can stop blood flow. This is know as the bends and is extremely painful illness which can be fatal. – –To protect oneself, a strict decompression schedule which includes stopping at different depths – –JIM suit allows a person to repair machinery at the ocean floor at surface pressure Humans invade the deep ocean

30. Submersibles William Beebe (1930)- descended to a depth of 923 meters off Bermuda in a tethered bathysphere to observe deep- sea life. Jacques Piccard- designed untethered vessel Trieste - 1960 Alvin, Sea Cliff- 2 most widely used submersibles Japan’s Shinkai- to study microbes in the deep sea

31. Trieste (1960) The bathyscaphe, Trieste, descends to 10,915 meters into Marianas Trench Deepest depth in the ocean 4 hours and 48 minutes at a descent rate of 0.9 meters per second (3.0 ft/s

32. Submersibles Factors of manned sub: – –Risk to human life – –High cost of the systems required – –Relatively short time that can be spent making observations Advantages of ROVs (remotely operated vehicles) – –No risk to humans – –Can make computer-assisted maps (based on sonar) – –Stay down in water for a long time Autonomous Underwater Vehicles – –Programmed to carry out specific data gatherings missions of long durations without human life

33. A.U.V.s vs. R.O.V.s

34. Living under the sea Jacques Cousteau- began designing and testing the underwater living chamber in the 1950s In the 1970s teams lived undersea chambers for up to 60 days May be placed on ocean floor or suspended Can respond and equalize to any pressure

35. Aquarius The only under sea laboratory dedicated to studying marine life. Located 20 meters under water with a 17 by 34 living space for scientists.

36. Terms & Equipment Secchi disk- Determines how transparency of the water Core Sampler- takes samples of core sediments Hydrometer- Determines the density of the water Dredge- scoops up marine life Alvin- famous submarine that explored deep sea