1. Kingdom Monera What are PROKARYOTES? They are ancient life forms
known as bacteria
No true nucleus
No chloroplasts
No mitochondria other organelles
Two major classes of bacteria
TEM of dividing cell
Archaebacteria
& Eubacteria
Methanogens
Extreme Thermophiles
Extreme Halophiles
Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) & other
Gram negative bacteria
Gram positive bacteria

2. PHYCOLOGY SLIDE SHOW CYANOPHYTA-Blue green algae THE FOLLOWING ARE
DIVISION
CYANOPHYTA-Blue green algae

3. CYANOBACTERIA - the ‘Blue-Green Algae are in the kingdom monera

4. Some Characteristics of the Cyanobacteria
* Contain Chlorophyll a and carotenoids, plus the phycobilins (proteinaceous photosynthetic pigments) phycocyanin and phycoerythrin (c f. Rhodophyta), found in thylakoids
* Have cell walls of peptidoglycan, often with a mucilaginous sheath
* The carbohydrate stored is glycogen
* No flagella, but some exhibit gliding movements
* Some fix nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts

5. In some genera the mucilaginous sheath forms a gelatinous matrix
Individual cells
Gloeocapsa
Filaments of Nostoc commune forming a gelatinous ball

6. Division Cyanophyta Bacteria that are:
Photosynthetic (convert
light energy to food)
Produce O2 as a byproduct of photosynthesis
Some produce toxins
TEM of dividing cell
Some have capacity to fix N2 into NH4
Some have formed millions of years old
stromatolites as living structures
Cyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earth

7. Ancient organisms but well suited to earth’s habitats
General features
Ancient organisms but well suited to earth’s habitats
Habitats:
virtually everywhere
Oceans
Freshwater
2000 species,
150 genera
Soil
Hotsprings
Epiphytes
Endophytes
Morphological Range:
Unicells to complex multicell organisms
Cell Walls:
Gram negative bacteria
Trichodesmium blooms can cover
2x106 km2 and be seen via satellites
NASA

8. Diversity

9. DIVISION CYANOPHYTA CLASS-CYANOPHYCEAE ORDER-CHROOCOCCALES Gloeocapsa
Merismopedia
microcystis
ORDER-OSCILATORIALES
Oscilatoria
Lyngbya
Nostoc
Anabaena

10. Diversity
Order Chroococcales
Microcystis
Merismopedia

11. Diversity
Order Nostocales

12. Growth & morphology False branching Order Nostocales :
1. Rupture of sheath and cells
2. Remaining cells at both ends continue to grow
3. Both trichomes push
through weakened sheath
What to look for?
Is there a change in the plane of cell division?

13. New Cell Types Nitrogen fixation supports protein synthesis
Order Nostocales
polar heterocysts
Nitrogen fixation supports protein synthesis
1. Low N in environment
2. Cell differentiates as a specialized cell, the heterocyst
3. Creates setting for Nitrogenase enzyme
4. Enzyme converts N2  NH4+

14. Growth &
morphology
Order Nostocales
Nitrogen fixation & Azolla in rice fields replace fertilizers
1. Low N in environment
2. Heterocysts differentiate
3. Enzyme converts N2  NH4+
4. Water fern benefits from fertilizer
5. Rice fields are more productive
intercalary heterocysts

15. Other cell types
Akinete
Order Nostocales
Anabaena

16. Cool stuff
Order Nostocales

17. Blue green algae

18. merismopedia

19. oscillatoria

20. gloeocapsa

21. Nostoc

22. Nostoc

23. Nostoc

24. Anabaena

25. Anabaena

26. Anabaena

27. Anabaena

28. THE END