1. The Deep

2. Location Mesopelagic approx. 200m – 1000 m Dim light The Deep Sea Below 1000m 3 zones: Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic, Hadopelagic

3. Mesopelagic Zone Main thermocline occurs here No light, no photosynthesis Oxygen minimum layer

4. Mesopelagic Organisms depend on Epipelagic Approx. 20% of epipelagic food sinks to mesopelagic Fewer organisms, small size Large mouths, extendable jaws, sharp teeth due to lack of food

5. Adaptations of Midwater Organisms Feeding: vertical migration or filter feed on detritus Bioluminescence used for counterillumination Large eyes Non-migrators lack swim bladder Large gills if live in O 2 -minimum layer

6. Viperfish

7. Lanternfish – 10 cm Hatchetfish – 5cmDragonfish – 35 cm Longnose Lancetfish – 215 cm

8. Vampire Squid

9. Deep Sea Largest habitat on earth Conditions are very stable Includes ocean bottom beyond the shelf

10. Challenger Deep Deepest part of the ocean Approx. 11,000 m (7 miles) deep Mariana Trench – Pacific Ocean “Challenger” refers to British survey ship

11. Exploration Trieste Manned bathyscaphe Reached 10, 919 m (35,810 ft.) in 1960 Kaiko Unmanned, Japanese research vessel 1995 reached deepest part of ocean (10,991m or 36,061 feet)

12. Abiotic Factors in the Deep Sea Lack of light Pressure: 1000+ atm (14,700 psi) Cold: 1 o – 2 o C Only about 5% of food from epipelagic

13. Hydrothermal Vents Undersea hot water springs Release Hydrogen sulfide into water Allow for chemosynthesis by bacteria

14. Adaptations Bioluminescence for attracting prey & mates Many are hermaphrodites Male parasitism Slow metabolism, specialized enzymes

15. Deep Sea Amphipod

16. Tube worms

17. Swallower eel

18. Angler fish Devilfish