1. Life in the Ocean’s Depths

2. Survival in the Deep Sea Sunlight fades with increased depth Tremendous pressure of ocean depths – 1 atm at sea level – Increase by 1 atm every 10 m

3. Adaptations to Pressure Fluid pressure in animal tissue matches the pressure of the surrounding water Tissue fluid pressure pushes against the surrounding pressure with an equal but opposite force – Prevents them from being crushed

4. Adaptations to Cold Body temperatures close to temperature of the surrounding water – Slow metabolism Move more slowly Grow more slowly Reproduce less frequently and later in life Live longer than similar species in surface water Require less food Body densities close to density of their environment – Do not have to expend energy to keep from sinking

5. Life in the Dark Color in organisms: – Disphotic or twilight zone: 150-450m below surface Enough light to make countershading a means of camouflage Ex: hatchet fish – Possess rows of photophores along bodies (light- producing organs) » Aid in species recognition » Camouflage

6. Role of Bioluminescence Common in animals found between 300-2400m – Some have bioluminescent organs (ex: squid, crustaceans, fish) – Some have bioluminescent bacteria in species-specific locations (mutualism) Occurs when a protein (luciferin) is combined with oxygen in the presence of an enzyme (luciferase) and ATP – Chemical energy of ATP is converted into light energy

7. Camouflage: – Will not appear as a shadow or silhouette when seen from below Mating and species recognition: – Pattern of lights identifies species or individuals as male or female – Signal readiness to mate by series of light flashes

8. Attracting prey: – Bioluminescent lures and eyes Defense: – Bioluminescent fluid that clouds the water with light Confuses predators

9. Seeing in the Dark Eyes of many deep-sea fishes are tubular and have 2 retinas versus 1 – One retina views distant objects – Other sees closer things Better depth perception Some have tiny eyes (slightly functional) or are blind and must rely on tactile or chemical stimuli

10. Finding Mates in the Dark Male bites female and remains attached, sometimes for life (ex: anglerfish) – Lifelong parasite (fuses to female)

11. Finding Food in the Dark Scarce in the deep sea – No photosynthetic organisms – Detritus from above Barbel – Fleshy projection that dangles below chin or throat – Lures to probe the bottom ooze for food – Can serve in species recognition during mating

12. Giants of the Deep Live longer than shallow water relatives Giant squid (Architeuthis) – Largest of all invertebrates (9-16m long) Arms thick as human thigh and covered with thousands of suckers – Capture prey and carry it to animal’s beak where it is shredded to pieces – Found in all oceans 600 ft. or more – Anatomy indicates weak swimmers – Unknown diet – Hunted and eaten by sperm whales

13. Relicts From the Deep Many species have undergone little evolutionary change Spirula – Mollusk with spiral internal shell of gas- filled chambers – Resemble squids and octopuses Vampire squid – Webbing between the arms – Dark color – Muscles are soft and poorly developed – Spend entire lives in deep water – Good eyesight – Bioluminescent organs

14. Coelocanth – 1.8 m (6 ft.) long – Large, thick scales and fleshy bundles between its body and fins Neopilina – Limpet-like mollusk – Lightweight conical shell – Large pink and blue foot

15. Life on the Sea Bottom Benthic communities: – Must deal with extreme pressures, low temperatures, and darkness – Impacted greatest by food availability – Sources of food: Feces Decaying tissue Organic matter – Food chains Bacteria  meiofauna (ex: foraminiferans, nematodes)  large worms and bivalves

16. Vent communities: – Can be very productive – Can exist without solar energy – Not all surround hydrothermal vents

17. Vent formation: – Form at spreading centers – Cold seawater seeps down near centers through cracks and fissures in ocean floor Comes into contact with hot basaltic magma – Superheated water returns to the sea through chimney-like structures formed by minerals that have precipitated out of hot water

18. 2 Types of Chimneys White smokers – Produce stream of milky fluid rich in zinc sulfide – Temperature less than 300°C Black smokers – Narrow chimneys – Emit clear water with temperatures between 300-450°C rich in copper sulfides Encounters cold ocean water and sulfides precipitate, producing black color

19. Organisms: – Large clams, mussels, anemones, barnacles, limpets, crabs, worms, and fishes – Large worms (10 feet long) – Primary producers are chemosynthetic bacteria Oxidize compounds such as hydrogen sulfide – Small animals feed directly on bacteria or can absorb organic molecules released by bacteria when they die Rise and fall or vent communities – Last about 20 years until vents become inactive