2. Respiration!

3. What do all living organisms need to live? Energy! Energy!

4. Living things need energy to carry on their life processes. Every cell must have a constant supply of energy to stay alive. Without energy, a cell dies within minutes. Cells get the energy they need through a process called cell respiration. Living things need energy to carry on their life processes. Every cell must have a constant supply of energy to stay alive. Without energy, a cell dies within minutes. Cells get the energy they need through a process called cell respiration.

5. Cell Respiration The process of converting food and oxygen into energy that can be used by the body. The process of converting food and oxygen into energy that can be used by the body.

6. Respiration Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy

7. What is missing from the equation? What is missing from the equation? (do little people break molecules apart?) (do little people break molecules apart?) Enzymes!! Enzymes!!

8. The reactants ( molecules before the arrow) for respiration are… The reactants ( molecules before the arrow) for respiration are… C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy  Food and oxygen

9. The products ( molecules after the arrow) of respiration are… The products ( molecules after the arrow) of respiration are… C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy  Carbon Dioxide  Water  Energy

10. CO 2 and H 2 O are the cell’s waste and are released from the cell. The main product and the reason for the reaction is the ENERGY produced. CO 2 and H 2 O are the cell’s waste and are released from the cell. The main product and the reason for the reaction is the ENERGY produced. How are CO 2 and H 2 O released from the body? How are CO 2 and H 2 O released from the body?

11. Storing the released energy The energy that is released is “packaged” in the bonds of a molecule called Adenosine Tri-Phosphate which is abbreviated as ATP The energy that is released is “packaged” in the bonds of a molecule called Adenosine Tri-Phosphate which is abbreviated as ATP

12. ATP is made up of an adenosine part and a phosphate part. How many phosphates would be in ATP? 3 The T stands for tri which means 3. ATP is made up of an adenosine part and a phosphate part. How many phosphates would be in ATP? 3 The T stands for tri which means 3.

13. What elements are the high energy bonds between? What elements are the high energy bonds between? Phosphorous and Oxygen

14. When these high energy bonds are broken they release a lot of energy. When these high energy bonds are broken they release a lot of energy.

15. When the cell needs energy, a high energy bond is broken in ATP and the energy is released. ATP then becomes ADP. What do you think the D stands for? Di How many phosphate groups are in ADP? 2 When the cell needs energy, a high energy bond is broken in ATP and the energy is released. ATP then becomes ADP. What do you think the D stands for? Di How many phosphate groups are in ADP? 2

17. When one molecule of glucose breaks down, 36 molecules of ATP are formed from ADP. That is a lot of energy from just one molecule of glucose! But, in order to completely break down the glucose, oxygen is needed. This is called Aerobic Respiration. Aerobic means with oxygen. When one molecule of glucose breaks down, 36 molecules of ATP are formed from ADP. That is a lot of energy from just one molecule of glucose! But, in order to completely break down the glucose, oxygen is needed. This is called Aerobic Respiration. Aerobic means with oxygen.

18. Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Requires Oxygen No Oxygen used 36 ATP produced 2 ATP produced Waste products are CO 2 and H 2 O Waste products are Lactic acid or alcohol

19. Muscle fatigue and Oxygen debt Anaerobic respiration causes a build up of lactic acid. Anaerobic respiration causes a build up of lactic acid. Oxygen is needed to break the lactic acid down. Oxygen is needed to break the lactic acid down.

20. Respiration of fats and proteins Glucose is the body’s preferred energy source. Glucose is the body’s preferred energy source. Fats are the next to be used. They have twice the amount of energy. Fats are the next to be used. They have twice the amount of energy. Proteins are the last to be used as energy. The body would rather used them as building materials. Proteins are the last to be used as energy. The body would rather used them as building materials.

21. Human Respiratory System Function: Bring oxygen into the body and get rid of waste. Function: Bring oxygen into the body and get rid of waste.

22. Nasal cavity Warms, moistens, and cleans incoming air. Warms, moistens, and cleans incoming air.

23. Pharynx Throat… common passage way for food and air. Throat… common passage way for food and air.

24. Epiglottis Flap of tissue that blocks the trachea when swallowing food. Flap of tissue that blocks the trachea when swallowing food.

25. Trachea Also known as the Windpipe Also known as the Windpipe tube lined with cilia. tube lined with cilia. Transports and cleans air. Transports and cleans air.

28. Bronchi and Bronchioles Tubes that transport air to alveoli Tubes that transport air to alveoli

29. Alveoli Individual air sacs of the lungs Individual air sacs of the lungs Oxygen and Carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the blood Oxygen and Carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the blood

31. Lungs Organ containing alveoli and bronchioles Organ containing alveoli and bronchioles

32. Mechanisms for gas exchange Inhalation Inhalation  Diaphragm contracts (moves down) and chest cavity expands. Air moves from high air pressure to low air pressure into the lungs.

33. Exhalation: Exhalation:  Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)  Chest cavity decreases in size  Air moves out of lungs

34. Malfunctions and diseases… Bronchitis: Bronchial tubes are swollen and irritated. Lots of mucus is produced which causes coughing. Bronchitis: Bronchial tubes are swollen and irritated. Lots of mucus is produced which causes coughing.

35. Asthma: An irritant causes bronchioles to go into spasms An irritant causes bronchioles to go into spasms

36. Emphysema: A lung disease that damages alveoli and causes lungs to lose elasticity. A lung disease that damages alveoli and causes lungs to lose elasticity.

37. Pneumonia Lungs fill with fluid and mucus due to a bacterial infection. Lungs fill with fluid and mucus due to a bacterial infection.

38. Gas exchange in other organisms Characteristics of a respiratory surface… Characteristics of a respiratory surface… 1. Must be thin 1. Must be thin 2. Must be moist 2. Must be moist 3. Must be in contact with source of oxygen 3. Must be in contact with source of oxygen 4. In multicellular organisms, must be in contact with transport system. 4. In multicellular organisms, must be in contact with transport system.

39. How other organisms breath Insects: Spiracles = holes in abdomen Insects: Spiracles = holes in abdomen

40. Fish = gills Fish = gills

41. Hydra: diffusion Hydra: diffusion

42. Earthworm: skin Earthworm: skin

43. Protists (like an amobea) : diffusion Protists (like an amobea) : diffusion