1. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering EEL 3705 / 3705L Digital Logic Design Fall 2006 Instructor: Dr. Michael Frank Module #29: Supplemental Topics: Hardware Description Languages

2. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Why HDLs?  Compared to schematic diagrams or netlist files, they can be: More standardized & portable. Easier/faster to create. More concise. Easier to comment. Easier to read. Faster to simulate.  And, full manufacturable schematics/layouts can be automatically generated from HDLs by logic synthesis & place-and-route tools.

3. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Hardware Description Languages  VHSIC HDL (VHDL) (IEEE standard 1076) See Carpinelli §5.4, misc books  Verilog HDL (IEEE std. #1364, see web.)  Status of “Verilog-VHDL” wars... Verilog: Most popular, faster sims, better tools, easier to learn, faster to code... VHDL: More tightly-structured language, higher-level, government standard, required for all defense contracts, widely supported.  Verilog:VHDL :: C:Ada ? Standards bodies Open Verilog International and VHDL International have merged  accellera.org

4. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering VHDL (VHSIC HDL)  See “VHSIC Hardware Description Language", M.R. Shahdad et al, IEEE Computer 18(2):94-103 (Feb. 1985).  IEEE Standard #1076 (1987, revised 1993).  Some references: …

5. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Behavioral vs. Structural Models  VHDL is suitable for describing designs using descriptions mixing different levels of abstraction.  Two major types of component models in VHDL: Behavioral models specify the abstract functional behavior of components, w/o specifying how that behavior is implemented.  Can be simulated, but cannot always be automatically synthesized. Structural models provide an actual implementation, or the outline of an implementation.  Can be simulated or synthesized.  VHDL designs can contain a mixture of the two types of models.

6. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Basic Elements of VHDL  entity – Specifies a HW interface (≈ Java interface) Think of it as an empty chip package, or as an empty circuit board enclosure, w. I/O ports already installed  Comes with a set of named I/O pins of different types  architecture – Implements an interface, as a set of interconnected sub-components. (≈ Java class) Think of a printed circuit board design, or a block diagram of an IC, with blank boxes for sub-modules  component – Template for plugging in sub-components into an architecture. (≈ interface variable) Like a type of empty chip socket, that can be replicated many times & placed on a circuit board continued…

7. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Elements of VHDL, cont.  configuration – For a given architecture of an entity, selects which entity/architecture pairs will be used for each component. ≈ a class constructor that assigns class instances of specific types to the class’s interface variables Like going through empty sockets of a board, selecting what packaged chip to use in each one. Only a configuration can actually be simulated.  package – Module, collection of related declarations (components, datatypes, etc.). (≈ Java package)  process – Stateful, concurrently running, event-driven sequences of operations.

8. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering VHDL Example: Majority Function  Goal of this block: Return majority value of 3 inputs.  Declaring the interface w. an entity statement: entity MAJORITY is port (A_IN, B_IN, C_IN : in BIT F_OUT : out BIT); end MAJORITY;  Instantiating the interface with a behaviorial model, using an architecture specification: architecture LOGIC_SPEC of MAJORITY is begin F_OUT <= (A_IN and B_IN) or (A_IN and C_IN) or (B_IN and C_IN) after 4 ns; end LOGIC_SPEC;

9. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Structural Model for Majority -- Package decl. in WORK library package LOGIC_GATES is component AND2 port(A,B: in BIT; X:out BIT); end component component OR3 port(A,B,C:in BIT;X:out BIT); end component -- Interface to our new guy entity MAJORITY is port (A_IN, B_IN, C_IN: in BIT F_OUT : out BIT); end MAJORITY; -- Body (structural model) -- Uses components declared in -- package LOGIC_GATES in WORK -- library. -- Import entire package use WORK.LOGIC_GATES.all architecture LOGIC_SPEC of MAJORITY is -- Declare internal signals signal AB, AC, BC: BIT; -- Wire together some components begin AND_1: AND2 port map(A_IN,B_IN,AB); AND_2: AND2 port map(A_IN,C_IN,AC); AND_3: AND2 port map(B_IN,C_IN,BC); OR_1: OR3 port map(AB,AC,BC,F_OUT); end LOGIC_SPEC;

10. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Defined Signal Types  IEEE standard 9-value logic system, IEEE 1164-1993: type STD_ULOGIC is ( ‘U’,-- Uninitialized ‘X’,-- Forcing unknown ‘0’,-- Forcing 0 ‘1’,-- Forcing 1 ‘Z’,-- High impedance ‘W’,-- Weak unknown ‘L’,-- Weak 0 ‘H’,-- Weak 1 ‘-’,-- Don’t care );  To use it: library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all

11. FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Verilog HDL  No slides yet.

12. VHDL Introduction (Slides from Dr. Perry)

13. VHDL Introduction V- VHSIC Very High Speed Integrated Circuit H- Hardware D- Description L- Language

14. VHDL Benefits 1. Public Standard 2. Technology and Process Independent Include technology via libraries 3. Supports a variety of design methodologies 1. Behavioral modeling 2. Dataflow or RTL (Register Transfer Language) Modeling 3. Structural or gate level modeling

15. VHDL Benefits (cont) 4.Supports Design Exchange VHDL Code can run on a variety of systems 5.Supports Design Reuse Code “objects” can be used in multiple designs 6.Supports Design Hierarchy Design can be implemented as interconnected submodules

16. VHDL Benefits (cont) 7.Supports Synchronous and Asynchronous Designs 8.Supports Design Simulation Functional (unit delay) Timing (“actual” delay) 9.Supports Design Synthesis Hardware implementation of the design obtained directly from VHDL code. 10.Supports Design Documentation Original purpose for VHDL – Department of Defense

17. VHDL Design Units Entity Declaration Describes external view of the design (e.g. I/O) Architecture Body (AB) Describes internal view of the design Configuration Declaration Package Declaration Library Declaration Package Body

18. Architecture Body (AB) The architecture body contains the internal description of the design entity. The VHDL specification states that a single design entity can contain multiple architecture bodies. Each AB can be used to describe the design using a different level of abstraction.

19. VHDL Statement Terminator Each VHDL Statement is terminated using a semicolon ;

20. VHDL Comment Operator To include a comment in VHDL, use the comment operator -- This is a comment -- This is an example of a comment y <= 0; -- can occur at any point

21. Signal Assignment Operator To assign a value to a signal data object in VHDL, we use the signal assignment operator <= Example: y <= ‘1’; -- signal y is assigned the value ONE

22. Complete AND GATE Example Library altera; Use altera.maxplus2.all; Library ieee; Use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; Use ieee.std_logic_arith.all; Entity and_example is port(a,b: in std_logic; ya,yb,yc: out std_logic); End entity and_example; Architecture test of and_example is begin --- dataflow model (ya) ya <= a and b; -- structural model (yb) and2:a_7408 port map(a,b,yb); -- behavioral model (yc) process(a,b) begin yc <= ‘0’; if((a=‘1’) and (b = ‘1’)) then yc <= ‘1’; else yc <= ‘0’; end if; end process; End architecture test;

23. AND GATE Example (cont) When synthesized, we obtain the following logic circuit Synthesis tool creates three AND gates. Maxplus II Block Diagram

24. VHDL Example - Hardware It is important to remember that VHDL is a “hardware” language, so you must think and code in “hardware.” Statements within the architecture body run “concurrently.” That is, order does not matter!!! We’ll introduce “sequential” statements later when I introduce “process blocks”

25. VHDL Example – Hardware Example – Logic Circuit -- Code Fragment A Architecture test of example is begin y1 <= a and b; y2 <= c and d; y <= y1 or y2; end architecture test;

26. VHDL Example – Hardware Example – Logic Circuit -- Code Fragment B Architecture test of example is begin y <= y1 or y2; y2 <= c and d; y1 <= a and b; end architecture test;

27. VHDL Example – Hardware Example – Logic Circuit -- Code Fragment C Architecture test of example is begin y2 <= c and d; y <= y1 or y2; y1 <= a and b; end architecture test; All three code fragments produce the same result

28. VHDL Syntax

29. VHDL Syntax – Entity Declaration Describes I/O of the design. I/O Signals are called ports. The syntax is: Entity design_name is port(signal1,signal2,…..:mode type; signal3,signal4,…..:mode type); End entity design_name;

30. VHDL Syntax – Entity Example Entity my_example is port( a,b,c: in std_logic; s: in std_logic_vector(1 downto 0); e,f: out std_logic; y: out std_logic_vector(4 downto 0)); end entity my_example; Maxplus II Block Diagram

31. Architecture Body Syntax Architecture name of entity_name is internal signal and constant declarations Begin Concurrent statement 1; Concurrent statement 2; Concurrent statement 3; Concurrent statement 4; End architecture name;

32. VHDL Program Template Library altera; Use altera.maxplus2.all; Library ieee; Use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; Use ieee.std_logic_arith.all; Entity design_name is port(signal1,signal2,…..:mode type; signal3,signal4,…..:mode type); End entity design_name; Architecture name of entity_name is internal signal and constant declarations Begin Concurrent statement 1; Concurrent statement 2; Concurrent statement 3; Concurrent statement 4; End architecture name;

33. Simple Concurrent Statements Assignment Operator Assignment operator <=  Ex: y <= a and b; -- defines a AND gate  For simulation purposes only, you may specify a delay. Ex: y <= a and b after 10 ns;  This is useful if you want to also use VHDL to generate a known test waveform or vector. This is known as a “test bench.” However, we will use Maxplus II to generate test vectors. Note, you cannot specify a delay for synthesis purposes.

34. Simple Concurrent Statements Logical Operators Logical operators  And, or, nand, nor, xor, xnor, not  Operates on std_logic or Boolean data objects  All operators (except for the not operator) require at least two arguments  Ex: y <= a and b; -- AND gate

35. Simple Concurrent Statements Logical Operators Logical operators  Examples y <= a and not b;  Use parenthesis to define order of execution Ex: y<= (a and b) or c; y <= a and (b or c);

36. Complex Concurrent Statements with-select-when with-select-when Syntax is with select_signal select signal_name <= value1 when value1_of_select_sig, value2 when value2_of_select_sig, value3 when value3_of_select_sig, value_default when others;

37. Complex Concurrent Statements With-select-when Example ---- library statements (not shown) entity my_test is port( a3,a2,a1,a0: in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); s: in std_logic_vector(1 downto 0); y: out std_logic_vector(3 downto 0)); end entity my_test; architecture behavior of my_test is begin with s select y <= a3 when “11”, a2 when “10”, a1 when “01”, a0 when others; -- default condition end architecture behavior;

38. Complex Concurrent Statements With-select-when What is the logic expression for y? What is this in hardware? A 4-bit 4X1 MUX A3 Y S A2 A0 A1

39. VHDL Data Objects VHDL is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Language. Objects can have values, attributes and methods. We will primarily use the following VHDL data objects: Signals Constants Variables

40. Data Objects Signals Signals Signals are data objects in which the value of the object can be changed. There is an implied or explicit delay between the signal assignment and when the signal is updated. We will use signals to represent nets (i.e. wires) in our circuits. They can be implemented in hardware. Signals are defined in port statements and architecture declaration blocks.

41. Data Objects Constants Constants Constants are data objects in which the value of the object cannot be changed. They are defined within an architecture or process declaration block. They cannot be implemented in hardware.

42. Data Objects Constants Syntax: constant name: type := value; Example: constant s0: std_logic_vector(1 downto 0):= “01”; Notes: 1. Use a set of single apostrophes to enclose a single bit (e.g. ‘1’). 2. Use a set of quotations to enclose multiple bits (e.g. “01”).

43. Data Objects Variables Variables Variables are data objects in which the value of the object can be changed. This change occurs instantaneously. Variables can only be defined within a process declaration block. They cannot be implemented in hardware. More about variables later

44. Sequential Statements Process Statements In VHDL, sequential statements are executed within a process block. Syntax is: [label:] process (sensitivity list) constant or variable declarations begin sequential statements; end process [label]; The sensitivity list contains all of the inputs to the process block.

45. Sequential Statements Process Statements (cont) A process block is considered a single concurrent statement. Let’s review our AND example

46. Sequential Statements Process Statements - Example ---- library statements entity and_example is port(a,b: in std_logic; ya,yb,yc: out std_logic); End entity and_example; Architecture test of and_example is begin --- dataflow model ya <= a and b; --- structural model a_7408 port map(a,b,yb); -- Process Block process(a,b) begin yc <= ‘0’; if ((a=‘1’) and (b = ‘1’)) then yc <= ‘1’; else yc <= ‘0’; end if; end process; End architecture test;

47. Sequential Statements Process Statements When synthesized, we obtain the following logic circuit The process statement synthesizes into an AND gate just like the dataflow and structural statements. Note, the process block synthesized AND gate “runs” concurrently with the other synthesized AND gates.

48. Sequential Statements Implied Registers Registers

49. Sequential Statements Implied Registers Positive edge triggered D-FF with asynchronous reset Process (d,clock,reset) begin if (reset = ‘0’) then q <= ‘0’; elsif( clock’event and clock=‘1’) then q <= d; end if; end process; A clock’event is a 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 transition on the clock line. In hardware, this becomes

50. Sequential Statements Implied Registers How does this produce a register? 1.If reset = 0, q is set to 0 (asynchronous reset) 2.If clock line makes a transition from 0 to 1 Clock’event and clock = 1 then q is assigned to d But, we have not defined an output for 1.Reset = 1, 2.A non Clock’event, or 3.Clock’Event and Clock = 0 So, VHDL assumes we want to retain the current value of q for these conditions and synthesizes a D-FF for us.

51. Sequential Statements Implied Registers We can easily extend this to a register block by using a std_logic_vector datatype instead of a std_logic datatype. ……. Signal ns,ps:std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); …….. Process (ns,clock,reset) begin if (reset = ‘0’) then ps <= “00000000”; elsif( clock’event and clock=‘1’) then ps <= ns; end if; end process; In hardware, this becomes

52. Sequential Statements Implied Registers We can also define a S0 (reset state) and use it to reset the register. ……. Signal ns,ps:std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); Constant S0:std_logic_vector(7 downto 0) := “00000000”; …….. Process (ns,clock,reset) begin if (reset = ‘0’) then ps <= s0; --- use ‘reset’ state elsif( clock’event and clock=‘1’) then ps <= ns; end if; end process;

53. Sequential Statements Case -When Statement Use a CASE-WHEN statement when priority is not needed. All FSMs will be implemented using Case-when statements. Syntax is: Case expression is when choice_1 => sequential statements; when choice_2 => sequential statements; …………. when choice_n => sequential statements; when others => -- default condition sequential statements; end case;

54. VHDL FSM Example 1 2-bit Up Counter State Diagram

55. VHDL FSM Example 1 State Table psnsy S0S10 S21 S32 S03 S0 = 00 S1 = 01 S2 = 10 S3 = 11 Let Let S0 = reset state

56. Recall Moore FSM Input Vector Output Vector Next State Present State Feedback Path Clock Reset Use a case statement to implement the design since priority is not needed

57. VHDL Code - Header Info ---------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- Program: fsm1.vhd -- -- Description: 2-bit up counter. -- -- Author: R.J. Perry -- Date: -- Revisions: --------------------------------------------------------------- -- Signal I/O ---------------------------------------------------------------- -- Signal name Direction Description -- clock,reset in clock,reset -- count out output count ----------------------------------------------------------------

58. VHDL Code - Entity Declaration -- Call Altera and IEEE packages library altera; use altera.maxplus2.all; library ieee; use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; use ieee.std_logic_arith.all; use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all; -- define entity entity fsm1 is port ( clk,reset: in std_logic; count: out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0) ); end entity fsm1;

59. VHDL Code - Architecture Dec -- define architecture architecture fsm of fsm1 is -- define constants constant s0: std_logic_vector(1 downto 0) := "00"; constant s1: std_logic_vector(1 downto 0) := "01"; constant s2: std_logic_vector(1 downto 0) := "10"; constant s3: std_logic_vector(1 downto 0) := "11"; signal ns,ps: std_logic_vector(1 downto 0); begin

60. VHDL Code -- F Logic -- -- this process executes the F logic -- process ( ps) begin ns <= s0; -- This is the default output case ps is when s0 => ns <= s1; when s1 => ns <= s2; when s2 => ns <= s3; when s3 => ns <= s0; when others => ns <= s0; -- default condition end case; end process; State Diagram for F Logic Note: we only need to “describe” the behavior VHDL will “figure out” the functional relationships Input into F logic

61. VHDL Code -- Register Logic -- -- This process includes the registers implicitly -- reg: process (clk, reset, ns) begin if(reset = '0') then ps <= s0; elsif (clk'event and clk = '1') then ps <= ns; end if; end process reg; Inputs to reg logic

62. VHDL Code -- H Logic -- -- Use concurrent statement to implement H Logic -- count <= ps; end architecture fsm;

63. Recall – Gate Level Logic Diagram

64. Maxplus II “Produces”

65. Is this correct? We have, OK, same as before How does this code fit into our Moore FSM architecture? T = Toggle FF T input

66. System Design Example