1. CHAPTER 12 SECTION 2 HISTORY & CULTURE

2. BR #3 (PGS.263-264) 1) Who were the Chibcha? 2) What were 4 contributions of the Incas, some of which can still be seen today? 3) What was the Columbian exchange?

3. ANSWERS TO BR #2 1) An early South American Kingdom in the Columbian Andes who developed gold-working skills 2) Paved roads, suspension bridges, stone construction (still seen in Cuzco, Peru the Inca capital), terraced fields braced by stone walls (still in use today) 3) The exchange of plants & animals between Europe & SA following the arrival of Columbus in the Americas

4. EARLY HISTORY 1) Hunters-Gatherers entered SA 12,000 years ago, farming began 5,000 yrs. ago 2) The Inca founded SA’s greatest early civilization 3) The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas in the 1530’s, destroyed their empire & rebuilt Spanish style architecture on the ruins 4) They built a new capital, Lima,on the coast

5. SPANISH SETTLEMENT 1) Spain received rights to the western part of SA in a treaty with Portugal 2) Set up a system of landed estates, put the Indian peoples into slave labor 3) The Columbian Exchange began 4) The Indian population was nearly eliminated by a combination of European diseases, overwork, & lost battles in wars against the Spainards

6. 5) Spanish influence spread across SA & latifundias (large estates) began to show up all over the continent Portugese Settlement They settled in what is now Brazil & set up large plantations with sugarcane becoming the chief crop-they continued to expand southward & this movement led to the growth of cities like Sao Paulo & Rio de Janeiro

7. Colonial Era and Independence Spain abandoned her SA colonies & the borders of the newly independent Countries mostly followed the borders created during the colonial period Uruguay was created as a buffer state (a small country between 2 larger, more powerful countries) between Argentina & Brazil while British Guiana became Guyana(1966) & Dutch Guyana became Suriname(1975)

8. HW #2 (PGS.266-267) 1)List the majority ethnic makeup & % of A) Argentina B) Bolivia C) Paraguay 2A) What is the main language of SA? B) What is Brazil’s main language? 3)What are 3 major cities in SA that also are large seaports? 4)What is the major religion of SA? 5)Define:A) coup B) manioc C) gauchos

9. ANSWERS TO HW #2 1A) Europeans-97% B) Indians-55% C) Mestizos-95% 2A) Spanish B) Portugese 3A) Buenos Aires B) Lima C) Rio de Janeiro 4) Catholic 5A)Taking power from a government by force B) Tropical plant with starchy roots C) Cowboys of Argentina