1. Towards a Simulation Tool for Evaluating Dynamic Reorganization of Agent Societies V. Dignum, F. Dignum, Utrecht University L. Sonenberg, University of Melbourne V. Furtado, A. Mello, University of Fortaleza

2. Outline  Main issues  Motivation  Organizations and change  Reorganization typology  Reorganization requirements  The VILLA simulation environment  Conclusions

3. Main issues in Reorganization 1.When 2.Why 3.What Behavior Structure 4.Who 5.How External to system: re-design Within system: dynamic –Decision, authority

4. Motivation  Need for organization –Stability –Cope with uncertainty  Need for reorganization –Answer to change environment, objectives, population –Flexibility

5. Organization vs. autonomy  Directed behavior –Pre-determined behavior, external to agent: Lack of agility –Do not consider the individual capabilities –Strict obedience to rules does not get work done  Autonomous behavior –Ability to make decisions about own activity –Individual rationality is insufficient to deal with social behavior (helpfulness, greater good, …) –(Informal) structures are necessary for organizational processes and stability  Combination of individual rationality with laws of social interaction

6. Basic organization MAS model  In the following, we assume MAS having: –Organizational structure Reflect and implement global perspective Roles, relationships, interaction patterns –Agents Reflect and implement individual perspective Active entity: enacts organizational roles –Interactions Actual activity of an organization

7. Organization perspective Example: OperA Model Individual perspective Actual activity model

8. Need for reorganization  Need for organization: achieve stability  Reorganization means loss of stability  Need for reorganization –Answer to environment changes –Answer to population changes –Answer to objective changes  Reorganization decision depends on –organizational utility and success. –individual utility and success

9. Organizational Utility  Organizational Success: ability to bring assets to bear, recognize and take advantage of opportunities. –Ex: MAS perspective Interaction success: how often result in desired aim? Role success: how often agents achieve role goals? Structure success: how well are global goals achieved? Combined utilities of agents in organization  Utility: determined based on –Current success –Expected success –Cost of reorganization

10. Individual Utility  Success and utility are different for each agent –Dependent on own goals and resources –Dependent on social attitude  Role utility to agent success determines participation in organization

11. Moments of reorganization – when and why?  From organizational theory  Timing (timeliness) –Proactive: prepare for expected change –Reactive: adjust after change  Intention (resiliency) –Offensive: gain advantage –Defensive: ensure survival [Evans, 1991]

12. Reorganization manouvres Intention Timing pre-emptive -Expected future -Competition through innovation offensivedefensive reactive proactive protective -Expected future -Limit damages exploitive -Taken after event -Capitalize opportunities corrective -Taken after event -Prevent more damage -Ensure continuity

13. Focus of Reorganization – what?  Behavior change –Temporary, ‘local’ to one population –A new agent joins the MAS –An agent leaves the MAS –Interaction pattern instantiation  Structural change –Permanent, valid across populations –Organizational Self Design –Structural Adaptation

14. Means for reorganization – how?  Decision –concerns how reorganization decisions are reached. –Relates to the decision-making style.  Authority –Concerns what aspects can be changed by who in the organization –Relates to the C2 Model

15. Reorganization Decision – who?  Externally imposed –Agents have no influence on reorganization –occurs through system redesign  Role based –Command-driven: the agent does not make any decisions on how to pursue its goals, and some other agent has authority over it –Locally autonomous/master: The agent makes decisions alone and may or not have control over other agents  True consensus –Agent works as a team member, sharing decision making control equally with other agents [Barber, Martin, 2001]

16. Reorganization Authority – what?  C2 Model –Command: authority and responsibility to determine the objectives of the organization. Can update the social structure of the organization. –Control: authority to specify and modify detailed plans for achieving objectives. Authority to modify interactions and behavior.  C3 Model: C2 plus –Communications: collection and sharing information about the environment, the state of the organization, the state of the achievement of objectives, and the state of execution of the plans. Meta-communication [Galey, 1987, Tidhar, Sonenberg, 2001]

17. Dynamic reorganization styles Authority Decision Shared control Shared command Role-based control Role-based command BehaviorStructure directive collaborative

18. Requirements for reorganization  Observation –Identify patterns –Evaluate current response possibilities –Generate options, predict outcomes, understand effects  Organizational requirements  Agent capabilities

19. Organizational requirements  Reorganization success –Timeliness –Adaptance/consensus –Resiliency  Depend on organizational form/domain –Hierarchy: role-based reorganization decision? –Network: shared reorganization decision? –Market: favors behavior change?

20. Challenges for Agents  Behavioral change –Agents evaluate and enact on current situation: reflect on the difference between desired and actual behavior –It does not affect future enactments: no need for organizational memory.  Structural change –Permanent long-term changes, such as new situations or objectives. –Need for organizational memory: identify and incorporate new structural patterns

21. Challenges for Agents  Role-based command or control –One or more roles in the system are empowered to determine and implement change –Meta reasoning (on organizational issues) is necessary –Meta communication is not necessary, since for the other roles change is ’imposed’  Shared command or control –All agents must be able to sense and evaluate changes –Change occurs through consensus between all agents –Meta reasoning (on organizational issues) is necessary –Meta communication skills are required from all agents

22. Agent capabilities Authority Decision Shared Control no memory reasoning meta-communication BehaviorStructure directive collaborative Shared Command memory reasoning meta-communication Role-based control no memory reasoning: only role no meta-communic. Role-based Command memory: only role reasoning: only role no meta-communic.

23. Simulation Aims - 1  Full theory of reorganization is more than what can be studied in one simulation  Agent behavior depends on –Own state and environment state –But also on the organizational structure –Organizational structure is thus not just a component of the environment  Organizational elements considered: –Type of goal (simple to complex) –Roles (many agents, one agent) –Interactions (communication protocols, dole dependencies)

24. Simulation Aims - 2 1.Identify match of organization structure to environment characteristics 2.Adaptation to (drastic) changes –Structural vs. behavioral –Role-directed vs. collaborative 3.Communication requirements to reason about change –Also, reasoning with limited knowledge

25. The VILLA environment  Aim: community survival  Creatures –Gatherers: can collect (limited) food individually –Hunters: can hunt (large amounts of) food in groups –Others: consume food, can grow to become Gatherers or Hunters –Head: observe and change society

26. VILLA: Activities  Simulation takes a number of runs (days)  In each run: –Eat If food available Collectors eat more than others If not eat, health decreases If health = 0, then creature dies –Collect Gatherers: individual function on health Hunters: groups’ function on health and size –Move Hunters must move to form group

27. VILLA setup

28. VILLA without reorganization

29. Evaluation of VILLA  Influences on health: –Role typology –Role capabilities  Results from evaluation of non reorganization situation: –Food stack decreases a lot at beginning –Need to introduce delay in adaptation –Others average health seems to be good indicator for reorganization –Need to evaluate time interval, not time point

30. Evaluation of VILLA (no reorg) GHOComments 1700Gatherers survive with 100% of health. 6110All creatures die because amount of food is not sufficient to keep a good health level. 098All creatures die. Only in cases when the hunters get together very early some creatures survive. Hunters keep others alive if food stack is very high (more than 10000) 0170All creatures survive more than 100 TICs. However, food stack must be 900 to allow Hunters to get together within 500 ticks. 980Very good society but depends on the probability of Hunters to get together. 854Stable society with health 80%. However some Others will die. 863 862Good and stable society with health greater than 80% 754All creatures die 773 737 953Very good society 962Good society 971Very good society with health 95% but instable if Hunters are isolated. 6101Very good society with health in 95% but instable if Hunters are isolated. 5111Very good society with health in 95% but instable if Hunters are isolated. 4112Good society but very instable if Hunters are isolated. 3113Good society but very instable if Hunters are isolated.

31. Evaluation of VILLA (no reorg) GHOProb. Gather Prob. Hunter Comments 953910Instable Society, depending on hunters’ aggregation. 962910Instable Society, depending on hunters’ aggregation. 9531518Stable society independent of hunters aggregation. Reach 100% and food stack increase. 9621518Stable society independent of hunters aggregation. Reach 100% and food stack increase. 9081518Stable society independent of hunters aggregation. Reach 100% and food stack increase. 50121518Minimum number of gatherers for supporting other life. 01701518With the increasing of prob. Hunters always still alive and keep society good 8541518Health society before was 80% now 100%. 7731518Stable society independent of hunters aggregation. Reach 100% and food stack increase. 7641518100% “ 7551518100% ” 7551820100%

32. Reorganizing Societies  Behavioral change: –If food stack < 250, increase gather power by 1 –Reorganization delay is 100

33. Reorganizing Societies  Structural change: –If food stack < 250, create 1 gatherer (from Others) –Reorganization delay is 100

34. Conclusions  First step towards a model of reorganization  Identification of characteristics of reorganization  Requirements for reorganization –Different organizational types –Challenges for agent capabilities

35. Future work  Empirical study –How systems react to different reorganization forms –Further evaluation/development of VILLA  Reorganization methodology –Conditions and requirements –Determine choices  Formal model for reorganization? –Organizational utility –Reorganization cost