1. Finishes

2. Major Topics Plaster Gypsum Board Tile Terrazzo Acoustical Treatment
Wood Flooring
Dimension Stone Tile Flooring
Resilient Flooring
Carpet
Paints
Vinyl Wall Coverings

3. Plaster
Gypsum – a rocklike mineral (hydrous calcium sulfate) is usually combined with clay, limestone, and iron oxides (resulting color is gray, brown, or pinkish). In its pure form it is white and known as plaster of paris
2 properties make gypsum useful as a plaster material:
When intensely heated (calcined) it becomes a fine powder
When water is added, it remains plastic for a short time and after it “sets” returns to its original rocklike state
Provides superior fire resistance

4. Plaster con’t 2 main “coats” of plaster: Portland Cement Plaster-
Basecoat – neat (doesn’t contain aggregates), wood-fibered (course cellulose fibers to provide great coverage), ready-mixed (mill-prepare-usually contains perlite)
Finish Coat – the final operation in plastering; Gypsums Keene’s Cement plaster – produces a dense, hard finish and is crack resistant.
Portland Cement Plaster-
Exterior location called “stucco”
Interior location called “plaster”

5. Plaster Installation Considerations
The surface should be clean (remove surface laitance, form oil) to ensure good bonding – sometimes requires sandblasting
When applying to masonry mortar joints should be struck flush or slightly raked
May need to apply a “dash coat” (1 part portland cement and 1-2 parts sand)
Over wood or metal framing --- metal reinforcement may be used (diamond mesh & welded wire lath are examples)

6. Plaster Application con’t
The minimum thickness and # of coats depends on the base
3 coat work:
Consists of scratch coat (cross-raked to provide better bond with brown coat), brown coat, and finish coat (may be float, spray, or texture)

7. Gypsum Wallboard Main types:
Regular core – surface with manila paper for smooth surface
Pre-decorated
Foil-backed – aluminum foil on back to act as vapor retarder
Fire-resistant (Type X) – core consists of additives and glass fibers
Water-resistant (WR) – contain multi-layers of chemically treated paper & core contains asphaltic additives

8. Gypsum Board Edges
Rounded
Tapered
Beveled
Square
Tongue and Groove

9. Gypsum Board Fasteners
Nails
Screws -- (drywall screws) zinc phosphate coating with baked-on linseed oil
Clips and staples – used to attach the base ply on multi-ply construction
Adhesives – used to attach single-ply wallboard to wood framing, masonry, or to laminate layers of drywall

10. Gypsum Board con’t
Joint tape – used as joint reinforcement and is strong-fibered with chamfered edges
Joint compounds – embed and bond the joint tape and cover, level, and smooth the joints and fasteners
A minimum of 3 coats usually applied
12 to 24 hours between coats (unless quick-setting compound used)
Edge and Corner Trim

11. Tile
Ceramic tile is made from non-metallic minerals fired at high temperatures and manufactured in modular units
Major types:
Glazed wall tile – mainly used on walls [4”x4”]
Ceramic mosaic tile – mainly used on floors [1”x1”; 1”x2”, 2”x2”]
Paver tile – floor units [4”x4” or larger]
Quarry tile – larger natural clay units
Tiles should be cut with suitable tool [no less than ½ tiles]

12. Shapes of Trim Tiles
Bullnose
Cove
Base
Curb

13. Some Tile Setting Products
Portland cement mortar – most common
Dry-set mortar – portland cement, sand, and resinous additives
Epoxy mortar – used in areas where chemical resistance or high bond strength is important
Furan mortar – 2 part consists of a resin & a hardener ( used in labs and industrial plants)

14. Tile Grouts
Type selected is based on kind of tile and type of exposure
Some examples:
Commercial portland cement
Silicon rubber
Epoxy
Furan Resin
Applied by troweling diagonally across the joints on the face of the tile, excess removed by washing (sponge used)
Joint width varies according to the type and size of tile used [ 1/16” to ½”]

15. Terrazzo Used as early as Roman times; historically limited to marble
Embedded small pieces of marble or other resinous materials set in mortar which are finished by grinding and polishing
Is a durable, low-maintenance floor finish
Can be cast in place or pre-cast

16. Basic Ingredients of Terrazzo Topping
Binders
Decorative Chips
Pigments
Divider strips, expansion strips
Metal reinforcement
Isolation membranes
Curing compounds
Sealing materials

17. Acoustical Treatment
Wall and ceiling materials are used to control the transmission of sound
Includes:
Acoustical ceiling
Integrated ceiling – consists of acoustical material, suspension system, air distribution outlets, and lighting fixtures
Acoustical wall treatment
Baffle –acoustical panel that is suspended from an edge or “floats” in a space

18. Acoustical Performance
2 Major Terms:
Sound Transmission Class (STC) – a figure (in dB – decibels) derived by comparing the sound transmission losses against pre-determined standards . The higher the number…the better the soundproofing properties of the material
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) – the percentage of sound energy a material absorbs. The range is 0-1; the higher the percentage…the better sound absorption medium.

19. Wood Flooring
Wood flooring has excellent wearing qualities, moderate cost, and is easy to install and maintain.
About 12 types of woods are used to manufacture wood flooring (~80% of all wood flooring is hardwood – mostly oak)
Moisture content is 6-9% for hardwood and 9-10% for softwood
Most flooring is T&G
3 basic styles:
Strip – up to 3-1/4” wide and ¾” thick
Plank – 3-1/2” to 6” wide and ¾” thick
Block – 9” wide and ½” thick

20. Dimension Stone Tile Floor
Most interior flooring stone is slate, marble, granite, limestone, or soapstone
The Marble Institute of America (MIA) does not recommend using any stone flooring less than ¾” thick to avoid possible cracking.

21. Resilient Flooring
Is a class of flooring products distinguished by resilience and dense, non-absorbent surfaces
Linoleum, 1st resilient flooring, was discovered in England over 100 years ago.
May be purchased in sheet or square tile format
Classes include:
Vinyl
Vinyl Composition
Rubber
Cork
Linoleum

22. Carpet
First power loom for weaving carpets was invented in Lowell, Massachusetts in 1839.
Factors comparing carpets include:
Pile yarn weight
Pile thickness
Number of tufts per square inch
Installation of carpets is not limited to floor – it may also be used on walls

23. Carpet con’t Possible material of the pile:
Wool
Nylon
Acrylics
Polyester
Polypropylene (Olefin)
Face construction to identify carpet:
Level-loop
Cut
Multi-level loop
Random shear
Frieze or twist
Sculptured

24. Carpet Installation
Unless glued down, all carpet should have some form of cushion (padding) under it
Padding materials include:
Felted hair
Rubberized fibers
Cellular rubber
Urethane foam
The density and thickness of the pad determines the amount of cushioning and should be selected based on use of area

25. Carpet Installation
Carpet that is not rubber backed may be installed using tack strips around the perimeter. The carpet, after achieving adequate stretching, is gripped by the strips.
Carpet may also be glued in place. This is sometimes done in industrial settings and with carpet tiles.

26. Paint
Paint is a mixture of minute solid particles known as pigment, suspended in a liquid medium called the vehicle.
Pigment:
Provides hiding power and color
Vehicle:
Combines the solvent (thinner) to ensure consistency
Combines the binder which bonds the pigment particles into a cohesive paint film during the drying process

27. Paint Types Paints are described by the type of binder used in them:
Alkyd
Latex
Oil
Oleoresinous
Rubber
Urethane

28. Primers
Paint or transparent finish materials intended for application over bare surfaces
Wall primers, wood primers, wood fillers, metal primers, and masonry and concrete wall primers and fillers are a few.

29. Paints Interior topcoat finishes: Specialty Types of paint: Gloss
Semi-gloss
Flat
Specialty Types of paint:
Heat-resistant
Fire-retardant
Zone-marking (traffic paints –fast drying, little flow)

30. Transparent Finishes Includes: Wood stains Linseed oil Varnish
Shellac [short shelf life – 4 to 6 months after manufactured]
Lacquer [not usable over previously finished surfaces]
Polyurethane

31. Vinyl Wall Coverings These are fabric-backed polyvinyl chloride sheets
Easily cleaned, damage resistant, and stain and fade resistant
The sheets come in a variety of weights – the heavier material is more resistant to tearing