1. Computer Concepts - Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition UNIT D: Digital Electronics and File Management

2. Objectives Discuss data representation Explore chips Discuss processors Explore computer memory: RAM Examine computer memory Explore computer files Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

3. Objectives Examine file locations Explore file management Open and save files Talking points: Is your computer making you sick? Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

4. Discussing Data Representation Data representation - form in which data is stored, output, and transmitted Digital data  Text, numbers, graphics, sound, and video converted into discrete digits: 0s and 1s Analog data  Represented using infinite scale of values Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

5. Discussing Data Representation Bit - each 1 and 0 in electronic signal  Byte - eight bits  Kilobit - 1,024 bits  Kilobyte is 1,024 bytes  Megabit, megabyte, gigabit, gigabyte Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

6. Discussing Data Representation Numeric data - numbers that represent quantities that might be used in arithmetic operations Binary system (base 2) allows representation of any number using just 1s and 0s Character data - letters, symbols, and numerals that will not be used in arithmetic operations Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

7. Discussing Data Representation Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition Comparing decimal and binary number systems

8. Discussing Data Representation Images must be digitized into 1s and 0s for computer to understand them  Photos, pictures, line art, and graphs Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

9. Discussing Data Representation Sound waves must be digitized for computer use Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

10. Exploring Chips Integrated circuit (chip) - most significant technology that made PCs possible  Thin slice of semiconducting material (silicon or germanium)  Packed with microscopic circuit elements over which bits travel Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

11. Exploring Chips Integrated circuit - in computers, PDAs, cell phones, most electronics Chips connect to computer’s main circuit board (motherboard) Some are plugged into slots on board or special sockets or connectors Others soldered into place Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

12. Exploring Chips Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition Electronic components ComputerPDACell Phone

13. Exploring Chips Chips protected by protective carrier or chip package  Carriers vary in shape and size DIP (dual inline package) DIMMs (dual inline memory modules) PGA (pin-grid array) Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

14. Exploring Chips Processor (microprocessor)  Complex integrated circuit  Contains as many as 400 million components  Most important and usually most expensive part of computer Producers of processors  Intel  AMD Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

15. Exploring Chips Possible to upgrade processor in computer  Owners seldom do  Cost of latest processor more than halfway to new computer  Processor operates at full efficiency only if all components of computer can handle processor’s speed Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

16. Discussing Processors Central processing unit (CPU)  Single chip  Circuitry performs central processing tasks of computer Software can identify computer’s CPU and its specifications Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

17. Discussing Processors Performance - affected by several factors  Clock speed  Bus speed  Word size  Cache size  Instruction set  Processing techniques Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

18. Discussing Processors Clock speed  Pace for executing instructions Cycle  Smallest unit of time processor can recognize FSB (front side bus)  Circuitry that transports data to and from processor Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

19. Discussing Processors HyperTransport  Technology which helps increase speed of data moving in processor Cache (RAM cache or cache memory)  High-speed memory processor can access more rapidly than memory elsewhere Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

20. Discussing Processors Word size  Number of bits processor can manipulate at one time Source code  Human-readable version of program Compiler  Converts all statements in program in single batch  Resulting in collection of instructions called object code Interpreter  Converts and executes one statements at a time while program is running Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

21. Discussing Processors Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

22. Discussing Processors Instruction set used by affects performance CISC (complex instruction set computer) RISC (reduced instruction set computer) CISC technology used in most PCs Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

23. Discussing Processors Processing technique in processor also affects performance  Serial processing Processor must complete entire instruction cycle before beginning new instructions  Pipelining Processor can start second instruction before finishing first  Parallel processing Multiple instructions at same time  Hyper-Threading Allows execution of multiple instructions in parallel Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

24. Exploring Computer Memory: RAM RAM (random access memory)  Temporary holding area for data, program instructions, and operating system  Usually several chips or small boards that plug into motherboard  Next to processor, RAM is one of most expensive computer components Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

25. Exploring Computer Memory: RAM RAM is waiting room for processor Computer performance directly depends on RAM that is available for applications, data, and operating system Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

26. Exploring Computer Memory: RAM Capacitors  Electronic parts that hold data Charged capacitor = 1 Discharged capacitor = 0 Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

27. Exploring Computer Memory: RAM SDRAM - fast and relatively inexpensive  Used in most PCs today RDRAM - about 8 times faster, but more expensive Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

28. Exploring Computer Memory: RAM RAM stores data in circuitry connected to motherboard  Hard drive stores data on magnetic media RAM - temporary storage  Hard drive more permanent Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

29. Exploring Computer Memory: RAM Today’s PCs typically feature 512 MB and 2 GB of RAM RAM can be added up to limit set by manufacturer Faster RAM means faster performance Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

30. Examining Computer Memory Virtual memory  Can store parts of program or data file until needed  Helps take some load off RAM Boot process  Sequence of events between time you turn computer on and time that it is ready for use  Stored on ROM (read only memory) Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

31. Examining Computer Memory ROM BIOS (basic input/output system)  Holds configuring information which cannot be stored on RAM because it would be lost when computer is turned off Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

32. Examining Computer Memory EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable read-only memory)  Stores and updates basic system information  More permanent than RAM, less than ROM  Nonvolatile chip requires no power to store information Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

33. Examining Computer Memory Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition Access EEPROM setup  Hold down F1 key as computer boots

34. Exploring Computer Files File - named collection of data that exists on storage medium  hard drive, solid-state storage device, CD, DVD, or tape Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

35. Exploring Computer Files Filename  Unique set of characters and numbers  Identifies file and should describe contents Filename has two parts  Filename  Filename extension Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

36. Exploring Computer Files Filename extension (file extension)  Further describes file contents  Separated from main filename by period File format  Arrangement of data in file and coding scheme used to represent data Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

37. Exploring Computer Files Native file format  Format used by software program to store data User does not decide file extension  File extension can be changed, really shouldn’t Extension usually related to file format Files can be converted from one format to another Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

38. Exploring Computer Files Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition Converting a File

39. Exploring Computer Files File size  Measured in bytes, kilobytes, or megabytes  Knowing file size can be important Especially if sending e-mail attachment File date  Date on which file was saved or last modified Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

40. Examining File Locations User decides where files are stored Windows OS labels storage devices with letters  A: and C: Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

41. Examining File Locations Folder  Logical representation of where files are stored  Each folder is named, can hold many files  Folders can be created within folders Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

42. Examining File Locations Directories and subdirectories are synonymous with folders and files  Terms used because OS maintains list of files called ‘directory’ Main directory on disk is root directory Root directory subdivided into smaller subdirectories Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

43. Examining File Locations Filing cabinet - popular metaphor for computer storage Tree structure - storage metaphor based on hierarchical Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

44. Examining File Locations File specification (path)  Computer file’s location - begins with drive letter and is followed by Folder(s) Filename File extension Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

45. Examining File Locations Disk partition  Section of hard drive treated as separate storage unit  Many computers are configured with one partition which holds OS, programs, and data  Possible to create more than one hard drive partition Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

46. Exploring File Management Good file management helps create, open, save, delete, and rename files File management utilities - available to help keep track of program and data files  Most useful when you have logical organization plan  Gives big picture of files stored on storage media  Help organize and manipulate files logically Windows Explorer is Windows file management utility Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

47. Exploring File Management Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition Windows file management utility

48. Exploring File Management Windows Explorer tools  Selected file can be copied, moved, renamed, or deleted as needed  Menu bar and address bar help locate and organize files and folders  Search and organize commands  E-mail files or create CDs or DVDs containing files  File sharing  View commands customize display Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

49. Exploring File Management Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition Windows Explorer tools

50. Exploring File Management Windows provides series of default folders  Documents, Pictures, Music  When Windows recognizes file extension as document or picture, it opens Document or Picture folders accordingly Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

51. Exploring File Management Desktop search tools help find and access information in  E-mails  Web pages  Contact lists Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

52. Opening and Saving Files Application software provides access to file management tasks through Save, Save As, and Open dialog boxes Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

53. Opening and Saving Files Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

54. Opening and Saving Files What can be done with files and folders Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

55. Opening and Saving Files Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition Save or Save As?

56. Opening and Saving Files Tips for managing files  Use descriptive names  Maintain file extensions  Group similar files and consider using default files in Windows  Do not mix data files and program files  Do not store data or program files in root directory Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

57. Opening and Saving Files More tips for file management  Be aware of storage locations  Organize folders from top down  Access files from hard drive  Follow copyright rules  Delete or archive files longer needed Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

58. Talking Points: Is your computer making you sick? How does digital lifestyle affect health of nation and world?  Radiation risks  Repetitive stress injuries Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

59. Talking Points: Is your computer making you sick? Most repetitive stress injuries can be avoided by following ergonomic guidelines Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition

60. Talking Points: Is your computer making you sick? Other health issues  Eye strain  Back pain  Sedentary lifestyle Computer Concepts – Illustrated Introductory, Seventh Edition