1. Theories of Deviance

2. Cultural Transmission
Sociologist: Edwin Sutherland

3. Cultural Transmission
Deviance is learned, mainly from other deviants

4. Cultural Transmission
The more time one spends around deviant people, the more likely they are to become deviant

5. Cultural Transmission
“differential association” -- the amount of time one spends around deviants

6. Structural Strain
Sociologist: Robert K. Merton
Emile Durkeim

7. Structural Strain
Every society has culturally defined “legitimate” goals

8. Structural Strain
Every society has culturally defined “legitimate” means of achieving goals

9. Structural Strain
Society places a high value on the goals, but some people lack access to the means (thus the strain)

10. Structural Strain
Responses to this vary...

11. Structural Strain
Means Goals

12. Control Theory
Sociologist: Travis Hirschi
Emile Durkheim

13. Control Theory
Deviance is a natural occurrence

14. Control Theory
Conformity is the result of social control

15. Control Theory
The social bond:
Attachment
Commitment
Involvement

16. Control Theory
Summary -- people with strong social bonds will be less likely to commit deviance, and vice versa

17. Conflict Theory
Karl Marx

18. Conflict Theory
Competition and social inequality lead to deviance

19. Conflict Theory
The “Haves” commit deviance to maintain their power and to alleviate boredom

20. Conflict Theory
The “Have-nots” commit deviance to obtain power and due to low self-esteem

21. Labeling Theory
Sociologists: Edwin Lemert & Howard Becker

22. Labeling Theory Differentiation appearance cultural
being caught and labeled “deviant”

23. Labeling Theory
Primary deviance: minor deviance that everyone commits that does not result in being labeled

24. Labeling Theory
Secondary deviance: deviance that results in being caught and labeled “deviant”

25. Labeling Theory
“Career Deviance” -- “deviant” or some deviant label becomes one’s master status

26. Labeling Theory
Summary:
Everyone commits some acts of deviance

27. Labeling Theory Summary:
Once one is caught and labeled, their life changes, other opportunities are lost