1. Production environment and husbandry practices Workneh Ayalew ILRI, Addis Ababa 25 February 2003

2. Figure 1: Livestock holdings by production system (%)

3. Figure 2: Production systems by Zone (%)

4. Figure 3: Frequency of reported reasons for raising cattle (Males)

5. Figure 4: Frequency of reported reasons for raising cattle (Females)

6. Figure 5: Reported calving rates

7. Table 1: Reported daily average milk off-take (litres) per cow per day by production system Production System No. of Households Average milk production per day per animal (litres) Mean±STDRange a Crop-livestock system17391.5 ± 1.20.1 - 14 Agro-pastoralist1751.4 ± 0.60.3 - 4 Pastoralist691.6 ± 0.50.3 - 3 Mean19831.4 ± 1.10.1 - 14 a Households indicating milk production per animal per day above 14 litres were excluded from analysis (outliers).

8. Table 2: Reported average lactation length (months) by production system Production System No. of Households Average milk production per day per animal (litres) Mean±STDRange a Crop-livestock system17169.1 ± 3.43 - 24 Agro-pastoralist1759.4 ± 2.83 - 22 Pastoralist658.5 ± 3.53 - 24 Mean19569.1 ± 3.33 - 24 a Households indicating lactation lengths above 24 months and below 3 were excluded from analysis

9. Table 3: Numbers and proportions of average size of herd of cattle acquired over the previous 12 months by agro- ecological zone. Type of entry Agro-ecological zone a DegaWeina DegaKollaTotal Male No. of households b 3768385761790 Average total stock1744324433168304 Born592 (33.9%)896 (27.6%)842 (25.4%)2330 (28.1%) Bought91 (5.2%)126 (3.9%)115 (3.5%)332 (4.0%) Donated3 (0.2%)14 (0.4%)4 (0.1%)21 (0.2%) Exchanged3 (0.2%)5 (0.1%)2 (0.1%)10 (0.1%) Total entered689 (39.5%)1041 (32.1%)963 (29.0%)2693 (32.4%) Female Average total stock33066175599915480 Born602 (17.9%)930 (15.1%)811 (13.5%)2343 (15.1%) Bought57 (1.7%)113 (1.8%)63 (1.1%)233 (1.5%) Donated4 (0.1%)18 (0.3%)2 (0.0%)24 (0.1%) Exchanged3 (0.1%)11 (0.2%)3 (0.0%)17 (0.1%) Total entered666 (19.8)1072 (17.4%)879 (14.6%)2617 (16.9%) Grand total entered1355211318425310 a Dega=Highland, Weina Dega=Midland, and Kolla=Lowland. b Numbers of households are presented in Italics to distinguish them from the frequencies

10. Table 4: Numbers and proportions of average size of herd of cattle acquired over the previous 12 months by production system Type of entry Production system Crop-livestock systemAgro-PastoralistPastoralistTotal Male No. of households a 1648158701876 Average total stock671911466478512 Born1953 (29.1%)262 (22.9%)202 (31.2%)2417 (28.4%) Bought307 (4.6%)39 (3.4%)7 (1.1%)353 (4.1%) Donated14 (0.2%)5 (0.4%)2 (0.1%)21 (0.3%) Exchanged9 (0.1%)1 (0.1%)0 (0.0%)10 (0.1%) Total entered2283 (34.0%)307 (26.8%)211 (36.6%)2801 (32.9%) Female Average total stock126911820140415915 Born1969 (15.5%)288 (15.8%)164 (11.7%)2421 (15.2%) Bought211 (1.7%)35 (1.9%)1 (0.1%)247 (1.5%) Donated13 (0.1%)10 (0.5%)2 (0.1%)25 (0.1%) Exchanged17 (0.1%)0 (0.0%)1 (0.1%)18 (0.1%) Total2210 (17.4%)333 (18.3%)168 (11.9%)2711 (17.1%) Grand total entered4493 (35.4%)640 (35.2%)379 (27.0%)5512 (34.6%) a Numbers of households are presented in Italics to distinguish them from the frequencies

11. Table 5: Numbers and proportions of average size of herd of cattle disposed over the previous 12 months by agro- ecological zone. Type of exit Agro-ecological zone a DegaWeina DegaKollaTotal Male No. of households b 3768385761790 Average total stock1744324433168304 Sold338 (19.4%)536 (16.5%)470 (14.2%)1344 (16.2%) Slaughtered19 (1.1%)36 (1.1%)46 (1.4%)101 (1.2%) Exchanged2 (0.1%)16 (0.5%)11 (0.3%)29 (0.3%) Died251 (14.4%)732 (22.6%)1036 (31.2%)2019 (24.3%) Stolen3 (0.2%)6 (0.2%)10 (0.3%)19 (0.2%) Donated18 (1.0%)83 (2.6%)41 (1.2%)142 (1.7%) Total exits631 (36.2%)1409 (43.4%)1614 (48.7%)3654 (44.0%) Female Average total stock33066175599915480 Sold164 (5.0%)279 (4.5%)333 (5.5%)776 (5.0%) Slaughtered15 (0.4%)24 (0.4%)31 (0.5%)70 (0.4%) Exchanged2 (0.1%)11 (0.2%)8 (0.1%)21 (0.1%) Died289 (8.7%)752 (12.2%)1406 (23.4%)2447 (15.8%) Stolen2 (0.1%)5 (0.1%) 12 (0.1%) Donated30 (0.9%)85 (1.4%)64 (1.1%)179 (1.1%) Total exits502 (15.2%)1156 (18.7%)1847 (30.8%)3505 (22.6%) Grand total exits1133256534617159 a Dega=Highland, Weina Dega=Midland, and Kolla=Lowland. b Numbers of households are presented in Italics to distinguish them from the frequencies

12. Table 6: Numbers and proportions of average size of herd of cattle disposed over the previous 12 months by production system Type of exit Production system Crop-livestock systemAgro-PastoralistPastoralistTotal Male No. of households a 1648158701876 Average total stock671911466478512 Sold1064 (15.8%)182 (15.9%)155 (24.0%)1401 (16.5%) Slaughtered65 (1.0%)12 (1.0%)25 (3.9%)102 (1.2%) Exchanged19 (0.3%)10 (0.9%)0 (0.0%)29 (0.3%) Died1379 (20.5%)266 (23.2%)428 (66.1%)2073 (24.3%) Stolen16 (0.3%)4 (0.3%)1 (0.1%)21 (0.2%) Donated47 (0.7%)74 (6.4%)21 (3.2%)142 (1.7%) Total exits2590 (38.5%)548 (47.8%)630 (97.4%)3768 (44.3%) Female Average total stock126911820140415915 Sold553 (4.3%)108 (5.9%)135 (7.4%)796 (5.0%) Slaughtered56 (0.4%)5 (0.3%)11 (0.6%)72 (0.4%) Exchanged17 (0.1%)3 (0.2%)1 (0.1%)21 (0.1%) Died1440 (11.3%)317 (17.4%)741 (40.7%)2498 (15.7%) Stolen9 (0.1%)3 (0.2%)0 (0.0%)12 (0.1%) Donated80 (0.6%)64 (3.5%)35 (1.9%)179 (1.1%) Total exits2155 (17.0%)500 (27.5%)923 (50.7%)3578 (22.5%) Grand total exits4745 (37.4%)1048 (57.6%)1553 (85.3%)7346 (46.1%) a Numbers of households are presented in Italics to distinguish them from the frequencies

13. Figure 6: Reasons for death by production system

14. Figure 7: Reasons for death by Agro-ecological Zone

15. Table 7: Allocation of family labour for activities in cattle raising in the mixed crop-livestock production system Activity Number of households a Age and sex group (%) Male ≥15 yrs Female ≥15 yrs Male < 15yrs Female < 15 yrs Purchasing 162998172< 1 Selling 1636981921 Herding 148056317032 Breeding 14879334218 Health care 15989640157 Feeding 157082613822 Milking 1591897416 Making dairy products 1516597419 Selling dairy products 1464497312

16. Table 8: Allocation of family labour for activities in cattle raising in the agro-pastoral production system Activity Number of households a Age and sex group (%) Male ≥15 yrs Female ≥15 yrs Male < 15yrs Female < 15 yrs Purchasing 1579951- Selling 15899821 Herding 14841288550 Breeding 14895293319 Health care 15597271710 Feeding 15478684438 Milking 154897629 Making dairy products 135296533 Selling dairy products 124696627

17. Table 9: Allocation of family labour for activities in cattle raising in the pastoral production system Activity Number of households a Age and sex group (%) Male ≥15 yrs Female ≥15 yrs Male < 15yrs Female < 15 yrs Purchasing 67995-- Selling 68995-- Herding 6941358771 Breeding 558653 44 Health care 7097613633 Feeding 6944933839 Milking 70211002737 Making dairy products 70-1001143 Selling dairy products 5421002046

18. Table 10: Frequency of use of roofed-sheds to house cattle by agro-ecological zone Groups of animals Agro-ecological zone a (%) DegaWeina DegaKollaOverall Dry season No. of households b 2636413471251 Cows40383437 Bulls29312629 Oxen36353034 Calves98939093 Other young stock32 2329 Wet season No. of households b 2636403551258 Cows39443942 Bulls27343132 Oxen35413839 Calves98939093 Other young stock34 2632 a Dega=Highland, Weina Dega=Midland, and Kolla=Lowland. b Numbers of households are presented in Italics to distinguish them from the percentages

19. Table 11: Frequency of supplementary feeding during the wet and dry seasons by agro-ecological zone Agro-ecological zone a No. of Households Type of supplementation (%) Roughage/ crop residues Minerals/ Vitamins ConcentratesNoneOther Dry season Dega36574731522 Weina Dega78976681016 Kolla4977056615 Mean165174661015 Wet season Dega35155851022 Weina Dega7855287816 Kolla5453491324 Mean16814788725 a Dega=Highland, Weina Dega=Midland, and Kolla=Lowland.

20. Table 12: Frequency of use of artificial insemination by zone Zone No. of households Breeding method (%) Natural Artificial Insemination Both Borena198100-- Bale1589811 Arsi14997-3 East Shewa16597-3 West Hararge13999-1 East Hararge14199-1 North Shewa12090-10 West Shewa1959911 East Wellega129100-- Jimma14099-1 Illubabor13099-1 West Wellega197991- Mean186198< 12

21. Table 13: Frequency of use of controlled mating in cattle by agro-ecological zone Agro-ecological Zone a No. of households Mating (%) ControlledUncontrolled Both Dega 3621080 11 Weina Dega 8241969 12 Kolla 5671966 15 Mean 17531770 13 a Dega=Highland, Weina Dega=Midland, and Kolla=Lowland.

22. Table 14: Frequency of use of controlled mating in cattle by livestock density Livestock Density a No. of Households Mating (%) ControlledUncontrolledBoth Low24878212 Medium54010828 High639206515 Very High415305317 Overall1842177013 a Low is 1-50 animals/km 2, Medium is 51-100 animals/km 2, High is 101-200 animal/km 2, and Very high is >200 animals/km 2.

23. Table 15: Reported proximity to the nearest veterinary service by Zone. ZoneHouseholds Distance (%) < 1 km1-5 km6-10 km> 10 km Borena192331560 Bale1546301649 Arsi1492283338 East Shewa1669163342 West Hararge1384422035 East Hararge1409211159 North Shewa1106293432 West Shewa1985351546 East Wellega12522462111 Jimma1375122955 Illubabor1295252644 West Wellega20012211455 Mean18387282045

24. Table 16: Reported prevalence of major cattle diseases by Zone Zone No. of house holds Disease (%) BlacklegAnthraxFMD Skin disease Pasteurollosis Bloat TrypsMastitisCBPP Internal parasites Lung diseases Other Borena 17625322332213825314118 Bale 11363 a 2517-45426111155 Arsi 101512918--16-1-1224 East Shewa 159768034-451---6-4 West Harerge 13638-67166612--11 East Hararge 13344-131038521212432 North Shewa 120463823-93-66-312 West Shewa 162615733-24-8--117 East Wellega 109826537-105--- -2 Jimma 7738-23-312278-1542 Illubabor 36--42633--3-25-- West Wellega 188162059420----4311 Mean 151046322119 131076669