1. Social Control and Deviance
Rewards
Punishment

2. Social Control

3. Social Control Each society has norms that help society run smoothly
Norms enforced by:
1) Internalization
Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality
You believe a norm is good and appropriate so you abide by norm
Follow norm because it is right thing to do not because fear of punishment
2) Sanctions
Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

4. Positive vs. Negative Sanctions
Positive Sanctions
Negative Sanctions
actions that rewards a particular behavior
Ex: star for turning in homework
Ex: raise to good employees
punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity
Ex: speeding ticket
The more important the norm to social stability the harsher the negative sanction
Sanctions can range from frowns to imprisonment

5. Formal vs. Informal Sanctions
Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group
Positive Example: compliments, smiles, standing ovation
Negative Example: insults, gossip, ostracism
Effective amongst teenagers who consider group acceptance important
Reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency
Ex: low grades, suspension
Ex: fired from job
Positive formal sanctions: diploma, pay raise, medals

6. Do you line jump? Why or why not?

7. Social Control Enforcing norms through internal or external means
Agents of external enforcement – authority figures, police, courts, family, peer group, public opinion
Individuals must follow certain rules in order for society to function smoothly
Society needs effective system of social control to survive

8. Deviance

9. Nature of Deviance Deviance – behavior that violates significant norms
Deviance varies from society to society
Ex: divorce illegal in the Philippines

10. Labeling Deviants 2 components:
1) must be detected committing deviant act
2) person must be stigmatized by society
Stigma = form of social control because it is a mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from rest of society
Repeated offenses may lead to receiving the label of deviant
Ex: speeding ticket doesn’t get you a label of deviant but repeated violations and reckless behavior may
Someone who commits one act that has series negative consequences may also be labeled a deviant
Ex: murder, sexual assault

11. Social Functions of Deviance
Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method
It provides jobs in law enforcement
Defines boundaries of acceptable behavior
Ex: punishment of another is a warning of consequences for violation
Draws line between conforming members and ‘outsiders’
reinforces shared values
Those unhappy with social conditions can relieve tension without disrupting society
Ex: occupy Wallstreet protester
Prompt social change by identifying problems – if large numbers violate norm them indication of needed change
Ex: Egypt, Libya

12. Explaining Deviance: Functionalist
Deviance natural part of society that serves some positive functions
Believe in Strain Theory – views deviance as natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society
Values in society may not meet the means people have to achieve a value
Ex: US we value economic achievement but what if you don’t have access to this? Creates an anomie
Anomie – situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear and no longer applicable
Leaves unclear guidelines for behavior causing confusion for individual and society

13. Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance
People respond to goals and means of achieving them 5 ways (Modes of Adaptation)
1) Conformity- accepts goals and pursues them in approved ways – most common – only non-deviant response
2) Innovation – accepts goals but disapproves of ways to achieve it
Ex: drug dealers – want economic success but does not go about it in socially acceptable way
3) Ritualism – abandon goals but follows society’s norms
4) Retreatism – reject both goals and methods of achieving them
Ex: addicts, beggars, hermits – drop out of society
5) Rebellion – challenges goals and substitutes new ones
Ex: Revolutionary leaders

14. Explaining Deviance: Conflict Perspective
Believe that competition and social inequality lead to deviance
People with power commit deviant acts to stay in power
People without power commit deviant acts to gain power
Ruling class labels any act that threatens their power as deviant

15. Explaining Deviance: Interactionist Perspective
Interaction with others influences deviance
3 theories to explain deviance:
1) Control Theory
2) Cultural Transmission Theory
3) Labeling/Differential

16. Control Theory Interested in why people conform
Believe social ties determine conformity
People who are integrated into community will conform and those who have weak ties will likely commit deviant acts
How you develop bond to community – 1) attachments 2) belief in society’s moral code 3) commitment to society’s values and goals 4) fully involved in non-deviant activity
New study showed conformity the result of strong self-control
Socialization helps determine one’s level of self-control
Ex: parents who punish bad behavior and reward good will have more self-control
Those that lack these more likely to commit deviant act

17. Cultural Transmission
Believes Deviance is a behavior learned through interaction with others
Differential association – if a majority of a person’s interactions are with deviant individuals then the person is likely to be deviant also

18. Labeling Theory
Focuses on how individuals become identified as deviant
All individuals commit deviant acts but not all are labeled deviant
2 types of Deviance:
Primary deviance – occasional violation of norms
Society does not view them as deviant
Secondary deviance – refers to deviance as a lifestyle and results in them being labeled as deviant
VS.

19. Crime

20. Who Commits a Crime?
Crime – any act that is labeled by those in authority and is prohibited by law
Age –
53%
28.6% 35-54
15.5% under 18
Race
69.7% white
28% African American
2.4% other
Sex
76.3% male
23.7% female

21. Types of Crimes Violent Crime Property Crime Victimless Crime
Murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault
Property Crime
Burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson
Victimless Crime
Prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use
White-collar Crime
Offenses committed by people of high social status during professional lives
Fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, insider trading
Organized Crime
Crime syndicate – large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or legitimate business through violence

22. Corrections Sanctions used to punish criminals
1) Retribution – acceptable revenge
2) Deterrence – discourage offenders from committing future crimes
3) Rehabilitation – reform criminals
4) Social Protections – protect society from additional crimes