1. Technische Universität München Cost of coexistence in Germany Maarten Punt, Technische Universität München

2. Introduction Statement of the EC (2003): “In principle, farmers should be able to cultivate the types of agricultural crops they choose – be it GM crops, conventional or organic crops” In the same document: “to provide European consumers with a real choice between GM and non-GM food" 2

3. Technische Universität München Introduction ctd In order to prevent outcrossing and adventitious presence -> Coexistence measures BUT: –Different Coexistence measures = different costs –Different Coexistence measures = different effectiveness Free choice = C.M. should not tip over the balance! Case study in Germany 3

4. Technische Universität München GM cultivation in Germany GM cultivation = outlawed GM cultivation 2005-2008: Bt maize # farmers involved = ±90 Area wise <1% of total maize area in Germany Obligatory registration @ government 4

5. Technische Universität München German cultivation in 2008 5 Standortregister, http://apps2.bvl.bund.de/stareg_visual_web/data.do

6. Technische Universität München Sampling strategy Approached former Bt farmers through registration office Approached former Bt farmers through Innoplanta (farmers organisation) Approached neighbours through Bt farmers Face to face interviews Total Sample Size: 47 farmers. 27 Bt, 20 non-Bt 6

7. Technische Universität München Distribution Not sampled 1-4 farmers 5-9 farmers 10-15 farmers 7

8. Technische Universität München Our average farm SamplePopulation (sampled states) Farm typeMixed (80%) Farm focusMilk (44%) or cereals (40%) Farm land1147 (897) ha71 ha Percentage rented65%70% Maize area218 (209) ha People employed on farm 22 (21)3.3 8

9. Technische Universität München Our average farmer Job experience31 (13) years Age51 (11) years SexMale Education levelUniversity of applied science Profit/Operating income>€ 60,000 (75%) >€ 100,000 (45%) 9

10. Technische Universität München 10

11. Technische Universität München Attitudes of farmers 11

12. Technische Universität München Reasons for non Bt 12

13. Technische Universität München Coexistence measures: Burden 13

14. Technische Universität München MeasureTime (h/year)Cost (€/ha) Neighbour informing 6.2  13.011.93  32.92 Informing rangers 5.3  13.97.58  12.52 Registering 9.5  39.14.22  7.91 Liability 6.1  12.91.21  1.63 150 meter distance 3.4  5.31.47  3.10 300 meter distance 5.0  10.55.70  14.98 Goverment permission 5.1  11.71.94  3.41 Separate storage seeds 0.7  0.871.36  3.10 Separate storage yield 2.6  4.73.72  6.90 Cleaning machines 8.0  11.420.94  41.20 Volunteer control 2.6  4.74.35  9.20 Record keeping 19.0  46.06.69  13.87 Waiting/Rotation 1861.8  5551.8130.9  351.44 Top 4 14

15. Technische Universität München MeasureTime (h/year)Cost (€/ha) Neighbour informing 6.2  13.011.93  32.92 Informing rangers 5.3  13.97.58  12.52 Registering 9.5  39.14.22  7.91 Liability 6.1  12.91.21  1.63 150 meter distance 3.4  5.31.47  3.10 300 meter distance 5.0  10.55.70  14.98 Goverment permission 5.1  11.71.94  3.41 Separate storage seeds 0.7  0.871.36  3.10 Separate storage yield 2.6  4.73.72  6.90 Cleaning machines 8.0  11.420.94  41.20 Volunteer control 2.6  4.74.35  9.20 Record keeping 19.0  46.06.69  13.87 Waiting/Rotation 1861.8  5551.8130.9  351.44 Bottom 4 15

16. Technische Universität München Regression analysis: informing the neighbours 16 Model Effects Intercept Number of neighbours (N) Farm size (S in ha) Interaction (N*S) Adjusted R 2 T = ß 0 +ß 1 *N 128 (53)*7.5 (2.1)**--0.33 T = ß 0 +ß 1 *S 199 (92)*-0.02 (0.05)--0.03 T = ß 0 +ß 1 *N+ ß 2 *S 33 (92)8.2 (2.2)**0.06 (0.05)-0.35 T = ß 0 +ß 1 *N+ ß 2 *S+ ß 3 *N*S -36 (87)14 (3.1)***0.21 (0.07)**-0.01 (0.005)*0.48

17. Technische Universität München Correlation analysis 17 Analyse correlation of Likert scale with farm characteristics (kendall‘s tau, non parametric) Isolation distance 150 m Liability Requesting government permission Waiting for two years Farm size -0.26  0.070.06-0.39* % GM maize planted -0.12-0.070.290.14 % area maize 0.20-0.31  -0.190.03

18. Technische Universität München Summary Small sample, but still sampled roughly 30% of all Bt- farmers in Germany Results, so far, seem mostly consistent Coexistence measures overall seem not to bother farmers too much Farm size is not always an important characteristic 18