1. Simple Machines

2. Simple machines: Reduce the effort (force multiplier)

3. Simple machines: Reduce the effort (force multiplier) Change point of application of effort to a convenient point

4. Simple machines: Reduce the effort (force multiplier) Change point of application of effort to a convenient point Change the direction of effort

5. Simple machines: Reduce the effort (force multiplier) Change point of application of effort to a convenient point Change the direction of effort Produce a gain in speed

6. Simple machines: Reduce the effort (force multiplier) Change point of application of effort to a convenient point Change the direction of effort Produce a gain in speed

7. Load Effort Mechanical advantage, M.A. = Load (L) Effort (E) L > E - M.A. > 1 – force multiplier E > L - M.A. < 1 – gain in speed E = L - M.A. = 1 – changes direction of effort (no change in force/speed) Units Technical terms

8. Velocity ratio, V.R. = Velocity of effort (V E ) Velocity of load (V L ) V.R. = d E /t d L /t V.R. = d E d L d E > d L – V.R. > 1 – force multiplier d L > d E – V.R. < 1 – gain in speed d L = d E – V.R. = 1 – changes direction of effort (no change in force/speed) Units Technical terms

9. Work input Work output MachineEffort Load Work input Work output

10. Technical terms Work input Work output MachineEffort Load Work input Work output

11. Technical terms Work input Work output MachineEffort Load Work input Work output

12. Technical terms Work input Work output MachineEffort Load Work input Work output Efficiency, η =

13. Technical terms Work input Work output MachineEffort Load Work input Work output Efficiency, η = Units

14. Technical terms Effort point Load point Input energy Output energy Principle of a machine Relation between M.A., V.R. and η