1. Website usability

2. Most sites fail on usability Internally focused Mirror the organization structure Designed for the boss Do not involve users in development

3. What is usability? It is measured by - Ease of learning Efficiency of use Memorability Error frequency and severity Subjective satisfaction

4. Why do we have usability problems? Technical = make it work Artistic/graphics = make it pretty Content = put everything up there Program = highlight my material None of them are focused on the users.

5. What are the benefits of including usability in web design? Success costs less - savings from internet transactions will never be realized unless sites are usable If users can’t find it, it is not there Bad usability equals no customers Usable sites result in fewer customer inquiries which equals less staff time

6. How can you build usability into your web’s design? Follow design recommendations from the usability research  Marianne will cover some of these Find out about the unique aspects of your site by testing  Colleen will discuss testing

7. The usability profession — From cognitive psychology Focused on Human Computer Interface (HCI) Initial work was testing software interfaces

8. Web Usability Research Designing Web Usability, Jakob Nielsen, 2000 Don’t Make Me Think, Steve Krug 2000 Keith Instone’s Usableweb (http://usableweb.com/) usability.gov many more in handout

9. Users have no patience with -- Slow sites Disorganized sites Sites they have to relearn Sites that do not clearly convey what is available for users

10. Users want fast sites! Traditional human factors research shows users lose interest after 5 seconds Due to slowness of the web, internet users are more patient - 15 seconds Rule of thumb is to limit a page to 35 - 50 KB (Sum of all files that make up the page)

11. Users read differently on the web Users scan content In a study by Nielsen and Morkes -  79% of users tested always scanned new pages  16% read word-by-word On-screen reading is 25% slower than on paper

12. Writing for the web involves — “Chunking” Inverted pyramid style - conclusions first Meaningful subheadings and keywords Bulleted lists One idea per paragraph Half the word count of conventional writing Avoiding confusing terminology

13. To facilitate scanning, make sure the text is legible Text and background must have high contrast Avoid all caps and italics Avoid text that is too small Use plain or extremely subtle backgrounds

14. Animation is uniformly annoying Users will ignore animated objects thinking they are ads Many users will scroll down to avoid animations Some users turn off animation in their browsers

15. Users will scroll vertically Users need a reason to go down the page The “fold” is not a constant Users were just as likely to have their first click below the fold as above the fold

16. Users need to know where they are, but seldom do Users don’t have a perceived mental model like they do with software Users tend to go forward, but the back button is the most frequently used navigation function Using the same navigation on every page confuses people

17. Build navigation on user behavior Never “break” the back button Avoid shell structures with generic navigation on every page Differences in navigation based on context are helpful as navigation needs to fit with content Indications of where you are help

18. Users get confused when links are not standard Unvisited links should be blue Visited links should be reddish or purple Don’t underline things that are not links

19. If your site -- Has these problems, get your team involved in usability Avoids these problems, you may still not be out of the woods. Actual user testing can show you the way.

20. Testing Your Web Site How do you really know if users are finding the information they need on your site? What mistakes are your users making? Do they find the “wrong” right answer? Are they frustrated? Confused?

21. Many Ways to Get Feedback About Your Site Usability testing Don’t forget:  Telephone hotline feedback  Webmail  Feedback from internal users  Focus groups  Online web surveys

22. What is Usability Testing? Collecting Information about real users  thinking process  problem solving approaches  navigation issues - where do they go?  understanding the site  feelings about the site  measuring their success in finding information

23. How Usability Tests Work Subject sits at a work station Moderator asks the questions “Scavenger hunt” test - timed exercises Note takers behind one-way glass No help- “work as if you were in your office or at home” Think aloud process/ empathetic listening One hour total with each person

24. Minimal Requirements A work station An Internet connection A moderator A note taker (can be the moderator) A test subject A recording device (audio or video)

25. How Many Tests ? Start with as few as 5 subjects Maximum 15-20 subjects Maximum 6 tests per day Make changes and test again

26. Developing User Tasks Representative tasks based on the objectives of the site Not too obvious but not too difficult Broad representation across the site Questions in clear language Test the questions on yourself

27. Results of our tests Too many buttons/choices Search engine fails Too much jargon/technical language Too many long text files Confusing navigation Clickable items didn’t look clickable Generic categories are not selected

28. Results of our tests, cont. Users don’t see everything Design based on your organization Design based on your reports Contacts are critical/ web & phone

29. Implementing Test Results Ok, so now what do we do? All-day session with facilitator Developed a new design  based on input from key staff people  “what goes where” paper exercise  paper prototype testing  more usability testing with prototype

30. Thoughts on Usability Testing Easier than you think Zero tests give zero results Pretest questions Richer results than customer surveys You won’t believe it until you see it

31. Newer Thought on Usability Testing is easier than implementation Web sites run by a democracy are more difficult to change Scientific evidence is difficult to ignore, but solutions can be subjective Don’t get defensive about your results As the messenger, you may be shot (at)

32. Usability is Everywhere Life is a usability test You know how frustrating and confusing using the web can be We want customers to be successful using government sites We want finding information/forms/services to be as easy and quick as possible The key: watching actual users work