1. Fédération Européenne des Activités du Déchet et de l’Environnement
European Federation of Waste Management and Environmental Services
Europäische Föderation der Entsorgungswirtschaft

2. Political Driving Forces
 Landfill Directive and waste management plans
 Potential of CO2-reductions
 Substitution of primary fuels
TITLE

3. Economic reasons for the use of solid recovered fuels
Increasing tendency to use solid recovered fuels
increasing globalisation of the cement market
more expensive primary fuels
CO2-reducing-potential
advancing liberalisation of the electricity market

4. Market and Quantities

5. Market and Quantities

6. Renewable share of residual waste (FRG)
Mio. t/a 25
renewable share
non renewable share 20 15 10
55.2 %
Source: Witzen-hausen Institut
61.8 % 5
44.5 %
40.6 %
residual MSW
bulky waste
com. waste sim. MSW
res. waste total

7. Renewable energy potential of residual waste (FRG)
PJ/a
250
200
150
100
51.0 % 50
55.4 %
52.3 %
40.0 %
Source: Witzen-hausen Institut
residual MSW
bulky waste
com. waste sim. MSW
res. waste total
renewable share
non renewable share

8. Amount of SBS from residual waste (FRG)
Source: Witzen-hausen Institut
SBS fossil
39,7%
3,32 Mio.Mg
rest
65,3%
34,7%
SBS
15,69 Mio. Mg
8,35 Mio. Mg
SBS regenerative
60,3%
5,04 Mio.Mg

9. Energy potential of SBS from residual waste (FRG)
Source: Witzen-hausen Institut
SBS fossil
53,3%
64,8 PJ
rest
SBS
39,9%
60,1%
80,7 PJ
121,5 PJ
46,7%
SBS renewable
56,7 PJ

10. CO2-emissions of several fuels

11. CO2-influence by solid recovered fuels
local effect by fuel substitution
global effect as sum of
local effect,
missing of a „second emitter“
renewable share
global effect (without discussion of the renewable share):
ca. 1 t CO2-reduction / t Solid recovered fuel

12. Contribution to the global CO2-reduction
by Integrated Resource and Waste Management
status quo FRG: 1 Mg CO2 / Mg waste
optimized combination with increased efficiency of incineration and co-incineration:
1.25 Mg CO2 / Mg waste
basis scenario: landfilling according to Landfill
Directive
Source: GUA,

13. Requirements of solid recovered fuels
big, homogeneous amounts
assured quality in relation to chemical and physical properties
long-term availability
product- and environmentally neutral use
acceptance
economy

14. Requirements on the input of solid recovered fuel production
production specific commercial waste
source-separated collection
quality agreements with proof (controlled quality)
product design of the waste producer with respect to utilization
high calorific fractions
high quality preparation technic (sreening, air classification, ballistik-separation, Fe-, NE-separation)

15. Quality assurance chain for the production of solid recovered fuels

16. Results of the Bundesgütegemeinschaft Sekundärbrennstoffe
standardisation of the complete process from sampling until analysis
precise regulations of internal and external controls
extensive catalogue of parameters (all 13 heavy metals of the German 17th BImSchV and Be, Se, Te)
ash, Cl, H2O and calorific value have to be documented
standardization of the statistical evaluation of the analytical results (median and 4 of 5 rule)

17. Quality assurance of BGS e.V.
Supplier
Producer of solid recovered fuel
User W
Plant
Cement plant W
Solid recovered fuels W
Power plant W
OUTPUT
- Intervals of independent supervision according
to fuel quantities produced
- Number of analysis depending on quantities
- Analysis for all required parameters
- Evaluation of the results and decision by
quality commettee
INPUT
List of waste for production of solid recovered fuels
- Description of input
- Documentation of
quantity
- Operational diary
Self monitoring
Independant supervision +
check of operational conditions

18. Germany: Quality and test instructions of BGS; 2001 RAL-GZ 724-label for Solid Recovered Fuels was given to BGS; Quality and test instructions are put into practice
Finnland: SFS 5875 „Solid Recovered Fuel Quality control system“ from March 2000; strong requirements but practically no control
Italy: UNI 9903 „Non mineral refuse derived fuels (RDF)“ from 1992; strong requirements, no practical relevance
Netherlands: Intensive prenormative activities for european standardisation
Norway: Specifikationen especially for solid biofuels
Austria: Ö-Norm in preparation; 2002 founding of an association for quality assurance
Sweden: There are a number of swedish specifications for biofuels and peat

19. CEN/TC 343 „Solid recovered fuels“
European Commission gives a mandate for standardisation
CEN was given the mandate to develope „Technical Specifications“ in a first step relevant to the use of solid recovered fuels in incineration- and co-incineration plants.
CEN was given the mandate to transform these „Technical Specifications“ into „European Standard“ in a second step.
These european standards shall be presented as a package.

20. CEN/TC 343 „Solid recovered fuels“
European Commission gives a mandate for standardisation
There standards shall comprise:
Standards for determination of the biodegradable fraction res. The biogenic fraction in solid recovered fuels as well as the upper and lower heating value of these fractions
All standards, listed in Appendix 1 of CEN-document CEN/BT/TF 118 N35 (Working programme)

21. Structure of CEN/TC 343 „Solid recovered fuels“
Chairman: Martin Frankenhauser, Fin
WG 1 - Terminology and Quality assurance
Prof. G. Riva, I
WG 2 - Fuel classifications and classes
S. Modig, S
WG 3 - Sampling and supplementary test methods
J. Willart, NL
WG 4 - Physical properties
J. Maier, D
WG 5 - Chemical properties
G. Ciceri, I

22. Reasons for complementarity of incineration and secondary fuels
improved economy for incinerators
improved economy for cement kilns, power plants etc.
increased flexibility of waste management
reduced capitel commitment
optimal complement of the technical potentials (take out of contaminents - material use)
extensive protection of resources (air, soil, energy)