1. The Renaissance
Chapter 22b

2. Recovery in Western Europe: State Building
Political Consolidation and Centralization
Europe develops new taxes
Italian states: bonds
France: salt tax, sales tax
England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax

3. France Louis XI (1461-83) Charles VIII (1483-98)
“The Spider” – preferred to trap enemies in diplomatic webs rather than fight them
Standing Army (about 15,000 men)
Duke of Burgundy
Charles VIII ( )
War to reclaim Italy
Spain also claims Italy

4. Spain Fernando of Aragon marries Isabel of Castile, 1469
Heir to be called King of “Spain”
Major political and economic alliance
reconquista, the Spanish Inquisition
Funded Columbus’ quest for China

5. Spanish Inquisition Reconquista – 11 year “Crusade” (1481-92)
Jews expelled 1492
Moors of Granada expelled 1502

6. England War of the Roses (1454-85) Henry VII (1485-1509)
House of Lancaster vs. House of Tudor
Henry VII ( )
No foreign wars
Encourages trade
Restores sources of royal revenue
Eliminates all pretenders to the thrown
Henry VII ( )

7. The Humanists Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy
Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity
Francesco Petrarca or Petrarch ( )
Desiderius Erasmus ( ) publishes critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament
Also devoted to rediscovering classical Latin texts, often ignored in monastic libraries

8. Humanist Moral Thought
Rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally virtuous life while engaged in the world
Marriage, business
Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidly changing European society and economy

9. The Renaissance, 14th-16th centuries
“rebirth” of classical culture
Architecture: domed cathedrals
Imitation of Roman domes

10. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) Cupola, Santa Maria del Fiore

11. Renaissance Art Italian artists use perspective
Sistine Chapel ceiling – hand of God and Adam

12. Sculpture
Donatello ( )
David

13. Painting
Masaccio ( ?)
Founder of renaissance painting

14. Michelangelo ( )
David

15. Leonardo da Vinci ( )
Work with real human anatomy and musculature
Study of proportions

16. Skull 1489

17. Last Supper

18. Renaissance Europe and the Larger World
Artists express interest in Byzantine, Asian worlds
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( ) tries to reconcile Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism
Illustrative failure
Gave voice to desire to understand the world

19. Pico della Mirandola Oration
Thou, constrained by no limits, in accordance with thine own free will, in whose hands We have place thee, shalt ordain for thyself the limits of thy nature… We have made thee neither of heaven nor of earth, neither mortal nor immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder of thyself, thou mayest fashion thyself in whatever shape thou shalt prefer.