2.  Renewed interest in Greek & Roman literature & life  Study of grammar, rhetoric, history, & poetry  Humanities  WRITERS  Petrarch-1304-1374, scholar & teacher, lead a full & active life (less time to spiritual concerns)  Niccolo Machiavelli- 1469-1527 (diplomat & historian) The Prince- how gov’t actually worked  Castiglione- 1478-1529- The Book of the Courtier- Polite society

3.  Paintings stressed the world beyond everyday life  Realism  Technique of perspective  Leonardo da Vinci- painter, sculptor, engineer, architect, scientist- The Last Supper, Mona Lisa  Michelangelo- Poet, painter, architect- Sistine Chapel, statue of David  Raphael- Beautified the Vatican, Virgin Mary

4.  Germany, Netherlands, France, England  Printing- Johannes Gutenberg- Printing Press (The Bible)  Erasmus- Argued for a return to the simple message of Jesus, Spirituality, The Praise of Folly  Thomas More- Utopia  William Shakespeare- Writer, personality & human emotions

5.  Split the church in western Europe and created several new churches  1 st break Roman Catholic Church- Germany  Indulgences  Appalled the Northern humanists- Spiritual

6.  Received a good education  Considered himself a terrible sinner & worried about the salvation of his soul  Entered the monastery  No comfort in the church  Comfort in inner faith in God  Lutheranism  95 Theses, about indulgences  Denounced by Church

7.  Again we see the questioning of ceremonies  Considered his church a “priesthood of all believers”  Wrote 3 publications, attacked the pope  Luther would be banished  Protected under Frederick the Wise  Translated the New Testament to German  Eventually the Old Testament as well  Emperor Charles V opposed Luther  Princes supported Luther protested the emperor  Protestants  Baptism & Communion

8.  Peace of Augsburg 1555  German Ruler could choose religion of the state  Sects (Anabaptists)  Anglican Church- England  Henry VIII- Wanted to divorce his wife  Pope Clement VII (exceptions) Denied divorce  Withdrew from Catholic Church  Anglican Church created, head was the king

9.  Calvin & Calvinism  Zwingli- Influenced by Erasmus & Luther  Met w/ Luther- disagreed on forms of worship  Zwingli died, John Calvin would carry on Reformation in Switzerland  Institutes of the Christian Religion (Every aspect)  Calvinists  Retained Luther’s reliance on faith & the Bible  But also Predestination (the elect)

10.  Geneva, Switzerland- Theocracy  Calvinism spread to France- Huguenots  Catholic French monarchs considered them a threat  Bloody Civil Wars- Edict of Nantes  King Henry IV- freedom of worship  Puritanism- England & North America

11.  More Spiritual outlook  Also- Clarify Church Doctrines, Pursued an aggressive campaign against Protestantism  TACTICS  The Inquisition (heretics)  Index of Forbidden Books  Council of Trent  Banned the sale of indulgences  Ceremony

12.  Jesuits  Ignatius de Loyola- Spiritual Exercises  Like a military body, Spread of Catholicism  Stressed Education

13.  Different Churches  New interest in education  Humanists’ concerns  Reading  Increase in power on Nat’l Gov’t  Decrease in power of the pope  Protestant Regions- Gov’t lead the church  Catholic Regions- Rulers loyal to the pope obtained control over churches

14.  Magic & Witchcraft  Nothing was considered an accident  Superstitions  Wise people- “Good Witches”  Bad Witch- “Burn Her!!”  Witch Hunt

15.  Broadsides  Almanacs  Daily Life  Standard of Living ▪ Inflation (costs) ▪ Diet (Food) ▪ Housing

16.  Ideas came from the Greeks & Romans  Scientific Method  Astronomy, Physics, Anatomy  Copernicus ▪ Challenged Ptolemy’s Theory (geocentric) ▪ Heliocentric (Sun is the center of universe)  Kepler & Galileo ▪ Kepler Supported Copernicus mathematically ▪ Galileo- Telescope– Physical Evidence  Vesalius & Harvey ▪ Vesalius- Anatomy On the Fabric of the Human Body ▪ Harvey- The Heart

17.  Descartes  Discourse on Method- everything had to be proved  “I think, therefore I am.”  Bacon  Observation & Repeatable experiments produced theories  Newton  The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy  Combined Copernicus, Kepler, & Galileo  Laws of Motion & Gravity  Leibniz (German)  Calculus  Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)  Discovered bacteria  Hooke (England)  Cells in living matter  Boyle (Anglo-Irish)  Modern Chemistry