1. Development of Cellulosic Biofuels Chris Somerville Energy Biosciences Institute UC Berkeley, LBL, University of Illinois

2. The Energy Biosciences Institute (www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org) $500M committed over 10 years Research mandate to explore the application of modern biological knowledge to the energy sector –Cellulosic fuels –Petroleum microbiology (bioremediation, biosouring, corrosion, recovery…) –Biolubricants 2

3. Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral energy Biomass Photosynthesis “Combustion” Work Sunlight CO 2 Tilling Land conversion Fertilizer Transportation Processing It depends on how the biomass is produced and processed

4. Net GHG emissions from various fuels From: Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010

5. Overview of Brazil sugarcane ~8 M Ha planted in 2009 ~27 B liters ethanol, 2009 ~80-120 T/Ha ~6400 L ethanol/Ha ~429 mills Plantings last 5-12 y Large mill –22,000 tons/day –750 truck loads/day http://english.unica.com.br/content/show.asp?cntCode ={D6C39D36-69BA-458D-A95C-815C87E4404D}

6. Primary uses of US corn USDA Economic Information Bulletin #79, 2011

7. Renewable Fuel Standard (Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 20062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022 Year Biofuel Volume (billion gallons) Biodiesel General Advanced Cellulosic Advanced Conventional Previous RFS Advanced

8. US Biomass inventory = 1.3 billion tons Forest 12.8% Urban waste 2.9% Manure 4.1% Grains 5.2% Crop residues 7.6% Soy 6.2% Wheat straw 6.1% Corn stover 19.9% Perennial crops 35.2% From: Billion ton Vision, DOE & USDA 2005 26 B gals ~ ~45 B gals

9. Napier grass: A potential energy crop (One-year old crop growing in Florida, photographed in October 2009) Courtesy of Brian Conway, BP

10. An energy crop Yield of 26.5 tons/acre observed by Young & colleagues in Illinois, without irrigation Courtesy of Steve Long et al

11. Crop models for biomass production indicate advantaged regions for biomass production Fernando E. Miguez Steve Long German Bollero

12. Harvesting Miscanthus http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/gallery/index.html

13. Response of Miscanthus to nitrogen fertilizer Christian, Riche & Yates Ind. Crops Prod. (2008) 939495969798990123456 Year 0 5 10 15 20 Yield (t/HA) N0 N60 N120

14. Private forests are extensive Alig & Butler (2004)USDA Forest Service PNW-GTR-613

15. Land Usage AMBIO 23,198 (Total Land surface 13,000 M Ha) Forest & Savannah Cereal 4.6% Pasture & Range 23.7% 30.5% Other crops 6.9% Nonarable 34.4%

16. More than 1.5 billion acres of degraded or abandoned land is available for cellulosic crops Cai, Zhang, Wang Environ Sci Technol 45,334 Campbell et al., Env. Sci. Technol. (2008) 42,5791

17. Agave in Madagascar Borland et al. (2009) J. Exp. Bot. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp118

18. Summary of Syngas-Liquids Processes Richard Bain, NREL

19. Distillation Ethanol Drying Co-Product Recovery Animal Feed Chemicals Sugar Cane Process Cellulose Conversion Hydrolysis Corn Process Cellulose Process Thermochemical Conversion Heat and Power Fuels and Chemicals Cellulose Pretreatment Cellulose Miscanthus Switchgrass MSW Forest Residues Ag Residues Wood Chips Ferment- ation Sugar Sugar Cane Corn Kernels Starch Conversion (Cook or Enzymatic Hydrolysis) Ethanol Production Flowchart Slide Courtesy of Bruce Dale 19

20. Projected costs of gasoline from various sources From: Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010

21. 21 Breakdown of Capital Costs for NREL Biorefinery Source : Paul Willems from NREL design, May 2011

22. Batch processes have many inefficiencies 22 Time Sugar concentration Fuel accumulation Unused capital Catalyst Loss Wastewater Boiler

23. Hypothetical alternative scenario Biomass grinding Lignin removal Solvent recovery Lignin use Enzymatic digestion Enzyme production Enzyme recovery fermentation Fuel separation and volume adjustment Waste management Fuel use

24. Endo Exo-processive Classical paradigm for the enzymatic degradation of insoluble polysaccharides Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad, Bjorge Westereng, Svein Horn, Zhanliang Liu, Hong Zhai, Morten Sorlie, Vincent Eijsink (2010) Science 330: 219-222

25. Discovery of a novel enzyme class (CBM33 & GH61) CBM33s are monooxygenases that introduce chain breaks on the surfaces of crystalline polysaccharides, including cellulose. They act synergistically with standard hydrolytic enzymes. Their activity can be boosted dramatically by adding external electron donors. Fungal ”GH61” proteins do approximately the same. 25 G. Vaaje-Kolstad et al., Science 330:219-222 (2010)

26. Sources of biodiesel CRC Report AVFL-17

27. Major types of components of FACE9A diesel CRC Report FACE-1

28. Routes to potential fuels Fortman et al, Trends Biotechnology 26,375

29. Concluding comments There appears to be significant underutilized land but expanded demand for land will require improved management of all land uses Cellulosic biofuels can contribute but are not large enough to be a “solution” to the energy/climate problem There are not technical barriers to production but there are many opportunities to fundamentally improve the production and diversification of biofuels Engineering and finance are the rate limiting step

30. The Future http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/index.shtml