1. Grafica(1): Introduction Dott. Alessio Malizia Malizia@dsi.uniroma1.it

2. History 1980s CG small specialized field First built-in raster graphics displays –Xerox Star –Apple Macintosh –IBM PC Bitmap graphics –Rectangular representation of 0s and 1s array of points (pixels) –Less expensive and easy to use

3. WIMP

4. Image Processing vs Computer Graphics Analysis –Picture processing –Image enhancements –Pattern Detection and Recognition –Scene Analysis and Computer Vision Synthesis –Pictorial representation of real or imaginary objects from their computer-based models

5. Image Processing

6. Computer Graphics

7. Advantages of Interactive Graphics (1) Natural communication for humans, since our pattern recognition abilities we perceive and process graphics rapidly Ancient Chinese “a picture is worth ten thousand words” Static pictures are good but dinamic are evn better for communication “a moving picture is worth ten thousand static ones”

8. Advantages of Interactive Graphics (2) Motion dynamics –Object can be moved with respect to a stationary observer Flight simulator Arcade games Update dynamics –Actual change of shape, color or other props of the object beng viewed Display deformations of an aircraft plane structure in flight A graphical manipulation by the user change the system reaction

9. Motion dynamics

10. Update dynamics

11. CG uses User Interfaces (WIMP) Intercative plotting in business, science and tech. Office automation and electronic publishing Computer aided drafting and design Simulation and animation for scientific visualization and entertainment Art and commerce (advertising) Process Control (flow) Cartography (natural phenomenon)

12. Classification of applications (1) By type (dimensionality) of presented objects and kind of picture to be produced Type of objPictorial representation 2DLine drawing Gray scale image Color image 3DLine drawing (wireframe) Line drawing with effects Shaded color images

13. Wireframe and Shaded

14. Classification of applications (2) By type of interaction –Offline plotting (predefined physical data) –Interactive plotting (user supply parameters) –Calculating the object and fly around it (real time under user control or scientific viz) –Interactive designing (start with blank screen and user create views)

15. Classification of applications (3) By the role of the picture –If the picture is an end or part of a process –Example in cartography: drafting, raster painting, animation and artwork till the end drawing.

16. Classification of applications (4) By logical and temporal relationships between objects and their pictures –Only one picture at a time (plotting) –Time-varying sequence of raleted pictures (motion or update dynamics) –Structured collection of objects and their parts (CAD, CAM)

17. Development of CG Whirlwind Computer 1950s MIT –Computer driven CRT displays for output

18. CG limitations High cost of the graphics hardware Need for large scale, expensive computing resource for interactivity Difficulty of writing large interactive programs (assembler) Non-portable software

19. Output Techs: vector display

20. Output techs: raster display

21. Raster Scan

22. Vector scan VS Raster scan