1. The Globalization of Agriculture
Food for Thought:
The Globalization of Agriculture
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This presentation may be used and adapted for use in classes using the fifth edition of Human Geography in Action. It may not be re-distributed except to students enrolled in such classes and in such case must be password protected to limit access to students enrolled in such classes. Students may not re-distribute portions of the original presentation.
Chapter 8

2. Two major themes in this chapter
Agriculture
Figure 8.1 (p. 221)
Globalization
DISCUSSION:
* What are your experiences with agriculture? Where? What type of agricultural production was it?
* Name some U.S. and Canadian companies that operate globally.
* Name some companies from other countries that operate globally in the U.S. and Canada.

3. Agriculture Relationship Between Agriculture and Food Production
DISCUSSION:
* Where does your local region fit on this model?
Relationship Between Agriculture and Food Production
Figure 8.3 (p. 223)

4. Agriculture Agriculture is a major cause of environmental change
DISCUSSION:
* Where does the water come from for these crops?
Agriculture is a major cause of environmental change
Figure 8.2 (p. 222)

5. Probable culture-hearths and origins of agriculture
Agricultural Revolutions
First Agricultural Revolution
DISCUSSION:
* What types of technical innovations made the First Agricultural Revolution possible?
Probable culture-hearths and origins of agriculture
Figure 8.4 (p. 224)

6. Second Agricultural Revolution
technological change:
crop rotation, instruments, machines, fertilizers
DISCUSSION:
* Think of the time required to harvest these fields by hand with field laborers.
Figure 8.5 (p. 226)

7. Third Agricultural ("Green") Revolution
hybrid grains for better yields, greater reliance
on fertilizers, genetically engineered crops
DISCUSSION:
* How does this billboard reflect the Third Agricultural Revolution?
* What is the difference between hybrid and genetically engineered plants?

8. Geography of agriculture
• Climate and natural environment
• Culture
• Economic factors
DISCUSSION:
* Give an example of where climate or soil type is a limiting factor for agriculture.
* How does culture influence what people want to plant or raise for food?

9. Simplified von Thünen model of agricultural land use
urban market
high transportation cost items:
vegetables, eggs, dairy
DISCUSSION:
* Von Thünen developed his model in Is it still relevant today?
* Are transportation costs still an important factor in where certain products are raised today?
low transportation cost items:
forestry, wheat
Simplified von Thünen model of agricultural land use
(pp )

10. ? Production methods capital labor intensive intensive vs. DISCUSSION:
* In what other areas of the developed world is productivity increased by utilizing capital vs. labor intensive practices?
labor
intensive
capital
intensive ?
vs.

11. ? extensive intensive agriculture agriculture vs. DISCUSSION:
* How does "intensive" agriculture differ from "labor-intensive" and "capital-intensive" agriculture?
intensive
agriculture
extensive
agriculture ?
vs.

12. ? subsistence commercial vs. DISCUSSION:
* How does commercial agriculture differ from subsistence production?
* Is commercial agriculture equivalent to agribusiness? ?
commercial
vs.
subsistence

13. ? nomadism sedentary vs. agriculture DISCUSSION:
* How do the two graphics in this slide represent nomadic food production? ?
sedentary
agriculture
nomadism
vs.

14. • Irrigated versus non-irrigated • Different forms of land ownership:
- family farms
- tenant farmers
- sharecroppers
- plantations
- state-owned farms
- garden plots
- agribusiness
• Agribusiness and the globalization of agriculture
DISCUSSION:
* How do these different forms of land ownership work?
* Are there still sharecroppers in the United States? [yes!]

15. Globalization • Time-space convergence
• Winners and losers in the global economy
• Free trade and comparative advantage
DISCUSSION:
* How has the U.S. comparative advantage in corn production sparked an identity crisis in Mexico?
* In what areas of agriculture does Mexico hold a comparative advantage over the U.S. and Canada?

16. Export economy Traditional economy
Globalization
• Time-space convergence
• Winners and losers in the global economy
• Free trade and comparative advantage
DISCUSSION:
* Who wins, who loses?
Export economy Traditional economy
Figures 8.6 and 8.7 (p. 230))

17. Globalization • Time-space convergence
• Winners and losers in the global economy
• Free trade and comparative advantage
• Cattle production in the Amazon
• Global-local continuum works in both directions
DISCUSSION:
* How have you personally experienced the global-local continuum?

18. Amazon roads and deforestation
Globalization
DISCUSSION:
* How does beef consumption contribute to tropical deforestation?
Amazon roads and deforestation
Figures 8.8 and 8.9 (p. 231))

19. Resistance to Globalization and Industrial Agriculture
LDCs object to agricultural subsidies in the United States and the European Union:
Unfair trade practices
MDC consumers object to:
Oil-based production system
Environmental damage from pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers
DISCUSSION:
How does the Farm Bill affect trade and development?
How sustainable is Industrial agriculture?
Unethical, inhumane treatment of animals
Monoculture mass production threatens food security
Emphasis on low nutrition processed foods
Weakened local culture and traditions

20. Responses: Local Food Movement Organic Farming
Urban and Community Gardens
Grass-fed, free range ranching
Farmer’s Markets
DISCUSSION:
How does the Farm Bill affect trade and development?
How sustainable is Industrial agriculture?
Community Supported Agriculture (CSAs)
Figure 8.10 (p. 232))
Restaurants and Chefs Promoting Local Food

21. Remote sensing Amazon Rainforest, Bolivia
DISCUSSION:
* How are satellite images like this one different from photographs?
This specific map image is taken from:
Amazon Rainforest, Bolivia
Landsat 7 data acquired August 1, 2000

22. Name That Key Term

23. Extensive Agriculture
The collecting of roots, seeds, fruit, and fiber from wild plants and the hunting and fishing of wild animals.
Hunting and
Gathering
The intentional cultivation of crops and raising of livestock.
Agriculture
An industrialized, corporate form of agriculture organized into integrated networks of agricultural inputs and outputs controlled by a small number of large corporations.
Agribusiness
Output per unit land per unit time (e.g., tons per acre per year).
Yield
Large-area farms or ranches with low inputs of labor per acre and low output per acre.
Extensive Agriculture

24. Intensive Agriculture
Small-area farms and ranches with high inputs of labor per acre and high output per acre.
Intensive Agriculture
Labor-Intensive
Agriculture
Agriculture in which a large amount of human work is applied per unit of output.
Capital-Intensive
Agriculture
Agriculture in which a large amount of capital is applied per unit of output.
Goods such as equipment and buildings used to produce other goods.
Capital
Sedentary
Agriculture
Agriculture that takes place in the immediate surroundings of a permanent settlement.
A large estate that produces a single cash crop. Mainly found now in the tropics.
Plantation

25. Third Agricultural Revolution
Artificial watering of farmland.
Irrigation
The original invention of farming and domestication of livestock 8,000–14,000 years ago and the subsequent dispersal of these methods from the source regions.
First Agricultural
Revolution
A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s that started in Western Europe, beginning with preindustrial improvements such as crop rotation and better horse collars, and concluding with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones.
Second
Agricultural
Revolution
The application of biological science to the development of better strains of plants and animals for increasing agricultural yields.
Green Revolution
also known as the
Third Agricultural Revolution

26. Commercial Agriculture
Agriculture primarily for the purpose of selling the products for money.
Commercial Agriculture
Agriculture that uses a large area of land for production of a single crop year after year.
Monoculture
A farming method in tropical areas in which wild vegetation is cleared and burned before crops are planted. When the soil fertility is diminished, farmers abandon the land to restore itself naturally, and they move to new areas where they repeat the process. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture.
Shifting
Cultivation
Self-sufficient agriculture, usually small scale and low tech, primarily for direct consumption by the local population.
Subsistence
Agriculture

27. The use of satellite images of the earth’s surface.
The general class of material or vegetation that dominates the surface of the land in a particular area.
Land Cover
The general class of activity for which land is used by humans in a particular area.
Land Use
The use of satellite images of the earth’s surface.
Remote Sensing
An integrated agricultural system in which crops are grown and fed to livestock.
Mixed Farming
Domesticated animals such as cows, sheep, and poultry that are raised and managed to produce meat, milk, eggs, wool, leather, etc.
Livestock

28. of different places around the world.
Migratory movement of herders and their animals according to the availability of grazing land.
Nomadism
The increasing economic, cultural, demographic, political, and environmental interdependence
of different places around the world.
Globalism
A measure of how much distance discourages movement between places, based on the time, energy, or dollar cost that must be expended.
Friction of
Distance
Imports and exports between countries that are unrestricted by tariffs, quotas, or excessive approvals and paperwork.
Free Trade

29. Comparative Advantage Global-Local Continuum Time-Space Convergence
When one region is relatively more efficient at producing a particular product compared with other regions.
Comparative
Advantage
The interaction between global processes and local lifestyles. This continuum is a two-way process in which the local and the global shape each other.
Global-Local
Continuum
The rate at which the time separating two places decreases because of improvements in transportation or communication technology.
Time-Space
Convergence

30. The Globalization of Agriculture
Food for Thought:
The Globalization of Agriculture
Case Study
Chapter 8

31. After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
• Differentiate among agricultural landscapes.
• Understand how and why the same crops and
livestock are produced in different ways in
different regions of the world.
• Collect primary data in your local supermarket.
• Describe global food chains.
• Recognize different land uses in satellite images.
• Use remote sensing to study land use change.

32. Activity 1: Agricultural Landscapes and Production Methods
Online Activity

33. Activity 2: Global Sources for Your
Local Supermarket

34. Renewing America’s Food Traditions (RAFT)

35. Activity 3: Remote Sensing & Agricultural Land Use Change
Figure 8.11 (p. 245)

36. Online Activity