1. Lecture 2 – Introduction to Neurophysiology research Ilan Dinstein

2. What is the cause of autism?

3. Dendrites Axon Cell body

4. Neural activity

5. Modularity

6. Where is autism in the brain? What is different in autism

7. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

9. Anatomy - Separating tissues 1T1T2T2T

10. Anatomy – Cortical thickness

11. Anatomy – Cortical folding

12. Anatomy – white matter Tractography Fiber volume Fiber length

13. Brain function Neurovascular coupling

14. Vasculature

15. Changes in oxygenated blood Heeger et. al. 2002 זמן

16. fMRI experiment

18. Experimental results In fMRI we always compare measures over time

19. Imitation of facial expression Mirror system areas in autism Dapretto, Nat. Neurosci. 2006 Control > Autism

20. Functional connectivity Just, Brain 2004

21. During sleep

22. Energy consumption The brain utilizes 20% of the body’s energy during rest. Fox M. & Raichle M. Nat. Neurosci. 2007

23. Task or rest?

25. Synchronization during rest/sleep

26. Functional connectivity

27. Differences across groups

28. Electroencephalogram Control > ASD

29. Electroencephalogram Control > ASD

30. Electroencephalogram Control > ASD ERP analysis P 100

31. EEG coherence Control > ASD Similarity of activity across electrodes.

32. EEG and epilepsy Spence, Pediatrics Res 2009 Control > ASD Epileptiform activity Epileptic seizure

33. Post mortem studies Brain slices: Control > ASD

34. Post mortem studies Cellular morphology Control > ASD

35. Post mortem studies Neural numbers and organization Control > ASD

36. Genetics Control > ASD

37. DNA sequencing Control > ASD

38. Identify meaningful mutation Control > ASD Substitution Deletion Insertion

39. Determine the function of the gene What is the function of the protein that the gene encodes? Is it involved in neural transmission? Bourgeron 2009

40. Create a genetically modified animal model Control > ASD Compare animals with extremely similar genetics except for a specific modification.

41. Test animal behavior and physiology Control > ASD