1. Chapter 2
The Chemistry of Life

2. Chemistry will help you learn Biology because organisms,
2-1 Nature of Matter
Chemistry will help you learn
Biology because organisms,
Including yourself, are
Chemical machines.

3. All matter is made up of atoms.
An atom is the smallest unit of
Matter that cannot be broken
Down by chemical means.

4. Protons Neutrons Electrons
All atoms are made up of
3 parts…
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

5. Protons are positive parts.
Neutrons are neutral parts.
Electrons are negative parts.

7. These are real atoms!

8. Usually there is an electron For every proton in an atom.
This keeps them electrically
Neutral.
When the number of electrons
Is different than the number of
Protons, the atom is called
An Ion.

9. If there are more protons then the atom will have a Positive charge.
If there are more electrons,
Then the atom will have a
Negative charge.

10. An element is a substance made Of only one kind of atom, and
It is therefore a pure substance.
Elements are organized in the
Periodic table and represented
By a 1, 2, or 3 letter symbol.
H, O, C, Fe, Na, UUQ

11. Atoms can join together with Other atoms to form stable Substances.
A force that joins atoms is
Called a chemical bond.
A compound is a substance made
Of the joined atoms of 2 or
More different elements.

12. For example, water is a compound That is made up of hydrogen
And oxygen atoms.

13. A covalent bond forms when 2 or More atoms share electrons
To form a molecule.

14. Water is a molecule, so is Carbon dioxide and oxygen gas.

15. When you have an unequal Distribution of electrical charge,
A hydrogen bond is formed.

16. Is an atom that has gained Or lost electrons, giving it a charge.
If you remember, an ion
Is an atom that has gained
Or lost electrons,
giving it a charge.
When 2 ions come together, they
Create an ionic bond.
In an ionic bond, the electrons
Are given up by one atom and
Gained by the other atoms.

18. Water is nearly 70% or your body. So water is a major component
2-2 Water and Solutions
Water is nearly 70% or your body.
So water is a major component
Of cells.

19. The hydrogen bonds between Water molecules cause cohesion
Water bonds to itself
And other substances.
The hydrogen bonds between
Water molecules cause cohesion
Of liquid water.
Cohesion is an attraction
Between substances of the
Same kind.

20. Water molecules are also Attracted to other substances,
This is adhesion.
Adhesion is the attraction between
Different substances.

21. Many substances dissolve In water.
When you dissolve something into
Water, you make a solution.
For example, when you put salt
In water, it will dissolve and the
Salt molecules evenly distribute
Throughout the water.

22. LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!! Polar molecules, like water, will
Dissolve other polar molecules,
Like salt.
Nonpolar molecules, like oil, will
Dissolve other nonpolar molecules,
Like fat.
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!!

23. An acid is a compound that when Dissolved in water, will make
More hydrogen ions (H+) than
Pure water.
A base is a compound that when
Dissolved in water, will make more
Hydroxide ions (OH-) than
Pure water.

24. Strength of an acid or base, The pH scale was invented.
In order to measure the
Strength of an acid or base,
The pH scale was invented.
Acids have a pH less than 7,
Bases have a pH more than 7,
And pure water is neutral at 7.

26. Things in your body that are not Made up of water are made
2-3 Chemistry of Cells
Things in your body that are not
Made up of water are made
Made of organic compounds.
Almost all organic compounds
Contain hydrogen, oxygen and
Carbon.

27. Carbohydrates are organic Compounds made of carbon,
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms in
A ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates are a key
Source of energy, and are
Found in most foods.

28. Carbohydrates are single sugars Called monsaccharides.
The building blocks of
Carbohydrates are single sugars
Called monsaccharides.
C6H12O6

29. Energy stored in bonds between elements is released when bonds are broken.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2        6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

30. There are 3 simple sugars, Glucose, galactose and fructose.
They all have the same formula
C6H12O6!!

31. A disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides are combined.
For Example
glucose + glucose = maltose
(formed during the digestion of starches)

32. A polysaccharide is a chain of 3 or more monosaccharides
(beaded necklace)

33. In animals-glycogen (animal starch) stored in liver and muscles
Polysaccharides are a way excess sugars are stored in living things. For example:
In plants-starch
In animals-glycogen (animal starch) stored in liver and muscles

34. Lipids are organic molecules that Are nonpolar and thus not
Soluble in water.
They include fats, phosolipids,
Steroids, and waxes.
At room temp. fats are solids and oils are liquids.

35. Lipids have 4 functions…
long term energy storage
b. insulation
c. protective cushion between organs
d. biological membranes

36. All lipids are made with a glycerol And chains of fatty acids.

37. A protein is a chain or molecules Called amino acids linked Together.
An amino acid is the building
Block of proteins.
Contain NITROGEN as well as carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

38. Proteins are essential for growth and repair of body (at the cell level).
They make up most of the solid “stuff” within your body (ex. Muscle, skin, hair, organs, …)

40. Amino acids are the building block of proteins.
There are only 20 that make up our whole body.

43. All of the cells in your body contain Nucleic acids.
A nucleic acid is a long chain of
Smaller molecules called nucleotides.
A nucleotide has 3 parts:
Sugar, a base and a phosphate

44. There are 2 types of nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
DNA consists of 2 nucleic acids
Spiraled around each other and
RNA has only 1.

45. Another important biological ATP is a single nucleotide and
Molecule is ATP.
ATP is a single nucleotide and
Is where your body
Gets its energy from.

46. Energy is the ability to
2-4 Energy & Reactions
Energy is the ability to
Move or to produce heat.

47. Metabolism is the term used To describe all of the chemical
Reactions that occur in
An organism.
Some reactions require energy
To get started, that is called
Activation energy.

48. Enzymes are substances that Increase the speed of
Chemical reaction in the body.
Most enzymes are proteins.
Enzymes are catalysts, these
Are things that speed up
Any chemical reaction.

49. If you didn’t have any enzymes In your body, it would take
6 months to digest just
1 candy bar!!
Some enzymes can speed up
Reactions up to 10 million times.

50. All enzymes are specific to a reaction.
pepsin- digests proteins
catalase- breaks hydrogen peroxide
(2H2O2) into 2H2O + O2

51. A substance on which an enzyme Acts is called a substrate.
Enzymes have active sites that
Allow other molecules to fit.
All enzymes are affected by
changes in pH,
temperature, and concentration.

53. THE END