1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Islamic university – Gaza. Faculty of engineering. Civil Engineering Groups: Ala`a Dababish Mousa Shaheen Supervisor: Dr. Basil Hamed

2. Contents  Introduction.  History of bridges  History of bridges.  Types of Structure.  Types of Bridges.  Truss Bridges.  Types of Truss Bridge.  How Is The Truss Made?  Samples of bridges.  Conclusion.

3. Introduction.  We can define bridges that the part of structure which joint between two separate lands.  bridges have played an important role in the history of human civilization.  Bridges play an essential role in communication among people in all the world.  In addition to their function in transportation, they give the country nice face by all types of them.

4. History of bridges The earliest bridges consisted mainly of logs that had fallen or were placed across rivers. While inexpensive, they were less than reliable. Moving heavy loads across them was often impossible. Fig. 1

5. 5 Primitive bridges were nothing more than a cable of rope stretched across a river. Fig. 2

6. 6 The stone arch bridge design is among the strongest and most durable. Fig. 3

7. 7 Steel arch bridges are also capable of covering great spans and bearing heavy loads. Fig. 4

8. Types of structures Steel Construction Steel is a wonderful invention. It is very strong for its weight, and relatively inexpensive and available for its strength. Concrete Construction Concrete is an Engineers modeling clay. It can be molded and shaped into beautiful, artistic, and useful structures. It has amazing strength in compression

9. Types of bridges 2. Arch Bridges 1. Cable Bridges Cable structures are some of the most beautiful and recognized structures in engineering. Arches can be constructed of many materials - stone, wood, concrete, or steel. Fig. 5 Fig. 6

10. 3. Beam Bridges 4. Suspension Bridge Beam supported construction of bridges is the first and foremost style of bridge building. suspension bridges can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- far longer than any other kind of bridge. 5. cantilever Bridge Cantilevers were one of the first bridge types, many being built by the ancient cultures of China and India. Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9

11. Truss bridges Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances. The truss is a simple skeletal structure. In design theory, the individual members of a simple truss are only subject to tension And compression forces and not bending forces.

12. Types of truss bridges Fig. 10

13. How is the truss made? The major steps for making truss bridges are : 1.Pre-Fabrication Activities 2.Cutting and Marking 3.Butt Welding 4.Drilling 5.Panel Assembly 6.Assembly, Welding, and Correction 7.Machining 8.Trial Assembly 9.Blasting 10.Painting

14. 14 1. Pre-Fabrication Activities 2. Cutting and Marking. Fig. 11

15. 15 3. Butt Welding Fig. 12

16. 16 4. Drilling Fig. 13

17. 17 5. Panel Assembly Fig. 14

18. 18 6. Assembly, Welding, and Correction Fig. 15

19. 19 7. Machining 8. Trial Assembly Fig. 16

20. 20 9. Blasting 10. Painting Fig. 17

21. 21 Samples of Bridges 1) Akashi-Kaikyo Location: (Japan) Date Completed: 1998 Height: 282.8 meters Length: 3910 meters Fig. 18

22. 22 2) Clifton Suspension Bridge Location: Bristol, England Date Completed: 1864 Height: 26 meters Length: 214 meters Fig. 19

23. 23 3) Brooklyn Bridge Location: Brooklyn Date Completed: 1883 Height: 83 meters Length: 1834 meters Fig. 20

24. 24 4) Humber Bridge Location: England. Date Completed: 1981 Height: 155.5 meters Length: 2220 meters 4) Humber Bridge Location: England. Date Completed: 1981 Height: 155.5 meters Length: 2220 meters Fig. 21

25. Conclusion So we couldn’t imagine America, Europe and all the world without bridges. After all, we should not to be surprise if we know that. This presentation takes us to know how civil engineer developed civilization and transportations by developed bridges.

26. Thanks For Your Attention