1. Promoting Integrity in the Next Generation of Researchers A Curriculum for Responsible Conduct of Research in Occupational Therapy (2005) Funded by the Office of Research Integrity through the American Association of Medical Colleges

2. Collaborative Science

3. Objectives  Describe four types of research collaborations.  Discuss potential issues in intra-disciplinary, interdisciplinary, industry/academic, and community research collaborations.  Describe how responsible scientific collaboration can be enhanced.

4. Definition  Collaborative research involves two or more persons who act as peers.  Collaborations can be: Intradisciplinary - within a single field Interdisciplinary – involving multiple fields With Industry With Communities

5. Collaborative Research is Growing  Research questions are increasingly complex  Funding sources encourage interdisciplinary efforts  Technology reduces barriers to collaboration across distance  Federal laws make collaboration attractive between industry & academia  Communities recognize research funding can support programs (Columbia University, 2003–2004)

6. Potential Issues in Collaboration  Individual: collaboration may mix researchers with differing: Styles Levels of integrity Ability to self-motivate and self-monitor Communication skills Experience in collaboration Expectations of independence/interdependence Expectations of leadership

7. Potential Issues in Collaboration (continued)  Interdisciplinary: Disciplines may differ in their: Expectations re. process and product Styles of decision making: consensus vs leader- based Language used to discuss issues Valuation of qualitative vs quantitative data Work habits and timelines Expectations of dissemination (Columbia University, 2003–2004; Magnus and Kalichman, 2002; Shamoo and Resnik, 2003)

8. Potential Issues in Collaboration (continued)  With Industry: Universities/colleges and industries have different research cultures: Transparency vs non-disclosure Proprietary investment and expectation of product Ownership of information

9. Potential Issues in Collaboration (continued)  With Community: Academic researchers and community collaborators may differ in their: Cultures Expectations Perceived power Assumptions about ownership of data or product Assumptions about credit and responsibility for dissemination (Community-Campus Partnerships for Health, 2005)

10. To Enhance Research Collaborations  Make clear communication a priority  Discuss differences in culture  Establish methods of decision making and conflict resolution  Agree upon each collaborator’s roles, responsibilities, tasks  Establish methods of oversight for each collaborator (timelines, proof of action, quality measures)

11. To Enhance Research Collaborations (continued)  Agree upon rules for data storage, management, sharing, and ownership  Establish who owns data and intellectual property (product)  Establish a dissemination plan and agree on each members’ responsibility/credit. Revisit and renegotiate on regular basis.

12. To Enhance Research Collaborations (continued)  Agree upon a publicity plan; spokespeople, and how credit will be shared by all.  Declare and actively manage conflicts of interest (Community-Campus Partnerships for Health, 2005; Magnus and Kalichman, 2002; Shamoo and Resnik, 2003)

13. Resources  Columbia University. (2003–2004). Responsible conduct of research: Courses portal. Course 5: Collaborative science. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from http://www.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/rcr/rcr_science/.  Community-Campus Partnerships for Health. (2005). Principles of good community-campus partnerships. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from http://depts.washington.edu/ccph/principles.html#principles.  Macrina, F. L. (1995). Dynamic issues in scientific integrity: Collaborative research. Washington, DC: American Academy of Microbiology. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/CCLIBRARYFILES/FILEN AME/0000000841/research.pdf. http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/CCLIBRARYFILES/FILEN AME/0000000841/research.pdf

14. Resources on Collaboration (continued)  Magnus, P. D., & Kalichman, M. (2002, September). Collaboration. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from RCR Education Resources, Online Resource for RCR Instructors: http://rcrec.org/r/index.php?module=ContentExpress &file=index&func=display&ceid=45&meid=79.  Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2003). Responsible conduct of research. New York:Oxford University Press.

15. This completes the presentation on Collaborative Science THANK YOU!