1. Changing Populations

2. Population density
Population density is the amount of people living in a square kilometre.
Densely populated – means lots of people living in an area
Sparsely populated – means very few people living in an area

3. What affects population density ?

4. Sparsely populated Greenland Too cold for people
Too cold and too much snow/ice for crops to grow
Snow and ice make communication difficult.
Amazon rainforest
Too hot and wet for people.
Dense forest make communication difficult.
Sahara desert
Too hot and dry for people
Too dry and too little soil for crops to grow
Sand makes communication difficult

5. Densely populated Western Europe Low lying and gently sloping
Pleasant climate
Good water supply and soil for farming
Easy communication
Many resources for industry.
Bangladesh
Low lying and flat
Rich fertile soil.
Hot and wet.
Ideal farming conditions

6. Population distribution
Population distribution describe how people are spread out.
E.g. Brazil
The distribution of the population in brazil is unevenly spread. The most densely populated regions are found in the South and South east (along the coast). The most sparsely populated regions are found in land towards the north (the amazon rainforest).

7. Population Distribution
Click on the link to watch a BBC Bitesize video on ‘World population distribution.’

8. Population Change
There are three factors that influence population change these are : -
Death rates – number of people that die per 1000 of the population
Birth rates - number of babies born alive per 1000 of the population
Migration
Click on the link to watch the BBC Bitesize video on ‘population change’

9. Population Change
The natural change of a population can be calculated - birth rate minus the death rate. A natural increase – means the population is growing A natural decrease – means the population is declining.
– = 5
(Birth rate) (Death rate ) (natural change)

10. Click on the link to watch a video on ‘World population growth’
Global population increased slowly until 1800.
Since then we have seen rapid population growth
There are now 7 billion people on this planet.
Click on the link to watch a video on ‘World population growth’

11. Death rates
Death rates tend to be low in MEDCs and falling in LEDCs : -
Better healthcare
People have less physically demanding jobs
Methods of preventing diseases are constantly being improved.
People are better educated about health and hygiene.
Water supplies are more reliable and cleaner.
There is more sanitary disposal of waste
Agricultural improvements provide better food supplies.
Higher incomes have resulted in improved living conditions.
Death rates have increased in MEDCs due to an increasing number of elderly people in the population.

12. Birth rates High Birth rate = LEDC Low Birth rate = MEDC
Children provide labour
Children provide security in old age
Large families are well looked upon in the community
Some religions don’t approve contraception
women have longer child bearing years as they marry young
Women less likely to be educated and have a career
Availability and knowledge of contraception may be limited
High infant mortality.
Child bearing years reduced as women marry later
Women are often educated and may prioritise a career over having children.
Many women leave having children till later and many have fertility problems
The high cost of living means children are expensive
Couples prefer to spend money on material things e.g. cars and holidays
Contraception is wide spread and easily available

13. Migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another place.
Migration can be international, regional or local
Urbanisation = migrating from rural areas to urban areas
Counter urbanisation = migrating from urban areas to rural areas

14. Migration
Push factors – these are the things about the origin that make someone decide to move. They are usually negative e.g. lack of job or education opportunities
Pull factors – These are things about the destination that attract people. They are usually positive things such as job opportunities or the perception of a better standard of living.

15. Urbanisation
Incomplete slide
See case study in book on South Africa

16. Counter-urbanisation
Incomplete slide
See casestudy in booklet on Shropshire

17. Population Structure
The population structure is the ‘make up’ or composition of the population e.g. age and gender of the population
Population structure is often shown using a population pyramid.
Population pyramids change with development.

18. Population Pyramid Wide base = large number young dependants
Narrowing shape = low life expectancy
Few elderly dependants
Narrowing base = decreasing birth rate
Narrows less dramatically = improving life expectancy
Narrow base = small number of young dependants
Doesn’t narrow until the very top = large number of elderly dependants
High life expectancy

19. Casestudy – China
Click on the link to watch the BBC Bitesize clip on ‘Managing Populations.’

20. Casestudy - UK This is a population pyramid for the UK
It is typical of many MEDCs
There are many elderly dependants and few young dependants
This is called an aging population

21. Casestudy - UK Case How can we tackle an aging population?
People are being encouraged to save for their retirement
People will have too work for longer
Increased investment into facilities for the elderly e.g. health care services and elderly homes.
Educated and skilled migrants will be attracted into the country to fill labour shortages
Pro natalist policy – encouraging people to have more children. E.g. government incentives and better child care.

22. Casestudy – Nigeria
The population pyramid for Nigeria is typical of many LEDCs.
Nigeria is located in sub-Saharan Africa.
There are many young dependants and high birth rate
The pyramid narrows in every age group showing a low life expectancy.

23. Casestudy – Nigeria
The high birth rate and large numbers of young dependants mean a large proportion of the population who need to be fed, housed, educated and have medical care.
This puts a lot of pressures on Nigeria’s services.
To develop governments may try to decrease the birth rate by offering incentives for having smaller families. They also may encourage the use of contraception and improve sex education programmes.