1. MM202 L ECTURE 5 M ULTICULTURALISM IN W ESTERN E UROPE AND N ORTH A MERICA Institute of Western European Studies, FSV UK Spring 2010 Lecturer: Antonin Mikes

2. C ANADA Nation of immigrants

3. B ACKGROUND INFO VISIBLE Minorities Definition in Employment Equity Act Persons other than aboriginal peoples, who are non- Caucasian in ‘race’ or non-white in colour, other origin than European 1981: 1.1 million visible minorities (4,7% of population) Since 1996 Question no 19: DO YOU BELONG TO...? 1999 3 mil (12,2%) Total population 31,241,030 total visible minorities 5,068,095 (2006)

4. 2006 CENSUS ETHNIC ORIGINS, VISIBLE MINORITIES ( HTTP :// WWW. STATCAN. GC. CA / DAILY - QUOTIDIEN /080402/ DQ 080402 A - ENG. HTM ) More than 200 different ethnic origins reported against 25 in 1901 11 ethnic origins had passed the 1-million population mark. The largest group enumerated by the census consisted of just over 10 million people who reported Canadian as their ethnic ancestry English, French, Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Chinese, North American Indian, Ukrainian and Dutch.

5. V ISIBLE MINORITY POPULATION SURPASSES 5- MILLION MARK 2006> 5,068,100 individuals who belonged to the visible minority population > 16,2% of population Employment Equity Act visible minorities are defined as "persons, other than Aboriginal persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non- white in colour.“ Rate of growth between 2001-2006 27.2% (5,4% for population as a whole)

6. Canada Census 2006

7. V ISIBLE MINORITIES Largest groups South Asians, 1,262,900 individuals 24,9 % of visible minorities Chinese minority 1,216,600 individuals 24% of visible minorities Black 783,800 individuals 15,5% Filipinos 8.1% of the visible minority Latin Americans 6.0% Arabs 5.2% Southeast Asians 4.7% West Asians 3.1% Koreans 2.8% Japanese 1.6%

8. D ESIGNATED GROUPS Employment Equity Act Apart from visible minorities Women Aboriginals Disabled

9. M ULTICULTURAL P OLICIES Official Languages act in 1969 Official policy of multiculturalism in 1971 Canadian Multiculturalism Act in 1988 1997 Renewed multiculturalism programme

10. I MPORTANT ACTS Employment Equity Act 1986 Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1988 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982 Official Languages act 1969 Canadian Bill of Rights 1960 Canadian Citizenship Act 1947

11. P OLICES IN C ANADA TO ENSURE EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY “pluralism [is] a fact of life” 1960 Passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights 1969 Book IV of Bilingualism and Biculturalism Commission Report emphasises the bilingual and multicultural nature of Canada 1969 introduction of the Official Multiculturalism Policy 1982 Adoption of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1988 Passage of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1997 Renewed Multiculturalism Program announced

12. N OWADAYS IN C ANADA 52% of primary school students speak English as a second language (2005) the PRC has supplied the biggest number of Canadian immigrants since 2000, averaging well over 30,000 immigrants per year, totaling an average of 15% of all immigrants to Canada. This wave, however, dropped to only 8,000 a year in 2004.

13. H EAD TAX REDRESS. On June 22, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered a message of redress in the House of Commons, offering an apology in Cantonese and compensation for the head tax once paid by Chinese immigrants. Survivors or their spouses will be paid approximately $20,000 CAD in compensation. There are about 20 people whom paid the tax still alive in 2006

14. $975 R IGHT OF L ANDING F EE - T HE NEW H EAD T AX As of February 1995, all adult immigrants coming to Canada must pay a $975 "Right of Landing Fee" ("ROLF") in order to be granted permanent residence. A family of four, for instance, would have to pay $3,150 in total fees just to be accepted, an amount that is equivalent to the annual salary of an accountant in El Salvador and three years wages for a nurse in Sri Lanka. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN CANADA http://www.hrea.org/lists/wcar/markup/doc00000.doc

15. E DUCATION 2006 HTTP :// WWW. STATCAN. GC. CA / DAILY - QUOTIDIEN /060404/ DQ 060404 B - ENG. HTM 79% of visible-minority immigrant youth aspired to obtain at least one university degree in their future, compared with 57% of Canadian-born non-visible minority students according to a study by the Research Data Centres 88 % of visible-minority immigrant parents stated that they hoped their children would acquire a university education against 59 % for Canadian born

16. N ETHERLANDS 16,527,595 people in August 2009 80% by Caucasian Dutch population of Germanic or Gallo Celtic descent 2008 Other origins 20% of which 11% are non-western origin mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese and Indonesians according to census in 1999 Roman Catholic: 28%, Protestant: 19%, Muslim: 6%, other: 4%, none: 43% (2007) http://www.hollandtrade.com/holland-information/facts-and- figures/?gclid=CIiQk8W03qACFQi7ZwodsCuSMw

17. C LASSIC GROUPS 2009 Turkey378 330 Suriname338 678 Morocco341 528 Antilles/Aruba134 774 http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLEN&PA=37325eng&D1=0-2&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0-1,3- 4,139,145,210,225&D6=4,9,%28l-1%29-l&HD=090611-0858&LA=EN&HDR=G3,T&STB=G5,G1,G2,G4

18. N EW GROUPS Iraq41 000 Afghanistan31 000 Somalia29 000 Iran27 000

19. I NTEGRATION SYSTEM Civic Integration: people who come and live in the Netherlands have to speak Dutch, be aware of aspects of the Dutch society and be familiar with a number of key norms and values of it. 2008 142, 737 new commers Obligatory programs Came to the Netherlands after 2007, does not have Dutch passport Voluntary programmes for „oldcomers“ Stock of about 464 000 oldcomers does not have a Dutch passport; lived in the Netherlands before 1 January 2007, lived in the Netherlands for less than eight years when he/she was of school age; does not hold a certificate demonstrating a sufficient level of knowledge of the Dutch language and Dutch society http://www.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=42920

20. G OVERNMENT POLICIES Newcomers Integration Act (30 Sept. 1998) ‏ Policy document on oldcomers (June 2001) ‏ Dual paths Funding: Newcomers: 177 million Euro (2001) ‏ Oldcomers: 100 million Euro (2002) ‏

21. in 2004 a Parliamentary Research Committee on the Integration Policy (Blok Commission) concluded that integration had actually been relatively successful and that progress had been achieved in the various fields of housing, employment, and education "Integration Policy New Style" > series of explicit policies purportedly aimed at the integration of migrant communities in 2003 Integration Abroad Act 2005 The Civic Integration Act 2007 Delta Plan for Civic Integration > €460 million for approximately 60,000 people annually http://www.hrw.org/en/node/82373/section/7 http://www.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=42920

22. A NTIDICRIMINATION Equal treatment legislation since 1994 The Equal Treatment Act (ETA)/ The Equal Treatment Commission (semi-judicial) ‏ Race+ ethnic origin, religion, belief, political opinion, nationality, sexual orientation and civil status (not handicap and age- cf. EC Framework Directive) ‏ Human rights law prohibits discrimination and unjustified unequal treatment. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) forbid discrimination on the basis of nationality and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) forbids discrimination on the basis of race.

23. ETA Allows positive action as an exception to the general prohibition of unequal treatment: „prohibition shall not apply if the discrimination is aimed at putting members of ethnic and cultural minorities in a privileged position, in order to eliminate or reduce de facto inequalities. This preferential treatment has to be reasonably proportionate to that aim, and it should be abolished when equality is reached

24. W ET SAMEN Act on the stimulation of labour participation of ethnic minorities (Wet SAMEN): Required organisations to reach proportionate participation of ethnic minorities in their staff. Wet SAMEN implemented Section 2.2 of ICERD- The objectives of various laws include reaching de facto equality of minority groups on the labour market.

25. I NTEGRATION & I MMIGRATION POLICY Coordination: Ministry of Justice Ministry for Immigration and Integration Minister is Verdonk / part of Justice Goals of ministry: Better integration Restrictive entrance policy Combat illegals and effective remigration policy of illiegals

26. ETA The Equal Treatment Act (1994) The Equal Treatment Commission (semi- judicial) ‏ Newcomers Integration Act (1998) / Wet inburgering nieuwkomers “Stranger Act” / Vreemdelingen Wet(2000) ‏ “Live Together Act” / Wet Samen (2004) Replacement National Network Diversity Rotterdam Act (2006) ‏ Integration Act / Wet Inburgering (2006) ‏

27. UK 61,383,000 people (2008) England> 84% Wales> 5% Scotland> 8% Nothern Ireland >3%

28. HTTP :// WWW. STATISTICS. GOV. UK / CCI / NUGG ET. ASP ? ID =273 Census 2001

29. P OLCIES The first Race Relations Act in Britain was passed in 1965 Legislation in Britain against racial discrimination has been in operation since 1965. The Race Relations Act 1976 does not fully protect Muslims because religious discrimination, in spite of Article 13 of the Treaty of Amsterdam, is still not unlawful in Britain Institutional policies UK Commission for Racial Equality The Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) is a publicly funded, non-departmental public body, set up under the Race Relations Act 1976 to tackle racial discrimination and to promote equal opportunities and good race relations. Race Relations Act (1976) ‏ Race Relations Act protects (against) racial discrimination in most, but not all, situations

30. R EPRESENTATION New Government wide targets on new appointments for gender, ethnicity and disability were launched on 17th June 2009, target for 2011 50% of public appointments to be women 14% of public appointments to be disabled people 11% of public appointments to be people from ethnic minorities. Equality Bill 2009 http://www.equalities.gov.uk/equality_bill.aspx

31. R OLE OF SPECIALISED BODIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS CRE in UK ► Good bench mark/example Characteristics of Specialized Bodies Responsibilities Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Good race relations, Promoting equality and operation etc…) ‏ Status Independent, Up hold the principles of public life, Accountable, Open and honest Governance Commissioners, Advisers, Committees

32. E XAMPLES “The emergence of a strong Muslim identity in Britain is, in part, a result of multicultural policies implemented since the 1980’s which have emphasized difference at the expense of shared national identity and divided people along ethnic, religious and cultural lines.” Munira Mirza, Despite widespread concerns about Islamophobia, 84% of Muslims believe they have been treated fairly in this society Policy of devolution in the UK has decentralized control to some extent and left each region to its own devices.

33. H UGE RISE IN NUMBER OF RACIST ATTACKS B Y N IGEL M ORRIS, H OME A FFAIRS C ORRESPONDENT W EDNESDAY, 9 J ULY 2008 Racially motivated attacks in the UK are much more common than in Germany. In Germany, 13,753 reported racially motivated crimes in 1999, 9,456 in 2000; In the UK, 61,000 complaints of racially motivated crime were made in 2006-07 (against 41,000 racially or religiously aggravated offences in 2005-06) http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article2753846.ece Rise of 28% in 5 years Officers classified 42,551 of the complaints as racially or religiously aggravated offences. Nearly two thirds were offences of harassment, 13 per cent wounding, 12 per cent criminal damage and 10 per cent assault. One cannot claim – as is widely believed – that violence against ethnic minorities is less of a problem in Britain than in Germany

34. EU AND UN IN UK The Government supports the Council's main anti-racism body, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination http://www.communities.gov.uk/communities/racecohesionfai th/raceandethnicity/europeaninitiatives/

35. CITIZENSHIP Britain has long had an open, largely jus soli- based definition of citizenship, while Germany until 2000 had a restrictive, ethnic definition. Despite this, the two countries’ experiences of integration and social cohesion have not been radically different. WHY? Since 2005> have to pass Life in the UK citizenship test before you can apply for citizenship for naturalization if you cannot prove ancestry Need to have lived 6 years in the UK, need to speak english If married to a British citizens then need to have lived 3 years in UK and have permanent residence http://www.ukimmigration.com/family/uk_citizenship.ht m

36. G ERMANY German citizenship was historically based on blood ties to Germany. i.e. Turks could not become citizens (even if born in Germany) ‏ resident in Germany for 8 years with a valid residence permit a livelihood-guarantee of you and your dependants without recourse to social welfare or unemployment benefits (exceptions are made for people under 23 years) adequate knowledge of the German language on oath on the German constitution you have to give up your former citizenship (although there are exceptions to this) http://www.justlanded.com/english/Germany/Germany- Guide/Visas-Permits/Citizenship

37. http://www.proasyl.de/ GERMANY’S IMMIGRATION LAW MARKS ONE YEAR http://www.icare.to/article.php?id=1292&lang=en ASYLUM SEEKER NUMBERS IN GERMANY FALL BY 18PC http://www.icare.to/article.php?id=1351&lang=en Http://www.icare.to/

38. EU The Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC The purpose of this Directive is to lay down a framework for combating discrimination on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin, with a view to putting into effect in the Member States. the principle of equal treatment. COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions (76/207/EEC) ‏ The Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC

39. S INCE 2000 EU anti-discrimination policy Equal treatments for Racial or ethnic origin Religion and belief Disability Sexual Orientation Age 2007 commission set up European Commission set up a new series of anti-discrimination training activities financed by Progress programme (employment and social solidarity; € 743,25 million for seven years (2007-2013) for Employment, Social inclusion and protection, Working conditions, Non-discrimination, Gender equality)

40. H OME WORK What other EU directives / treaties could be related to Minorities/ travelers/ immigrants/ How are they applied.