1. Key Linkages Between Agriculture & Sanitation: New Opportunities Arno Rosemarin Research & Communications Manager EcoSanRes Programme Stockholm Environment Institute

2. The Agriculture Challenge 800 million people living in 46 countries are malnourished 40,000 die every day of hunger and hunger-related diseases famine currently threatens nine African countries, where the lives of 20 million people are at risk some 75-80% of Africa's farmland is degraded Africa loses between 30-60kg of nutrients per ha per yr - the highest rate in the world the countries in Africa with the highest rates of depletion: Guinea, Congo, Angola, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda at 60kg/ha 2002/03 Sub-Saharan Africa used 8kg of fertiliser per ha compare this to South America (80kg), North America (98kg), Western Europe (175kg), East Asia (202kg), South Africa (61 kg) & North Africa (69kg) cost of fertiliser in the US is $150/t; in landlocked African countries as high as $600/t due largely to the severe underdevelopment of transport infrastructure - rail and road

3. Geo-4 UNEP, 2007

4. The Sanitation Challenge 5000-6000 children die every day in the world due to water-borne diseases linked to lack of basic sanitation 700 million people in 50 countries eat food from crops irrigated with untreated sewage there are 60 million DALYs (per years) lost from diarrhea every year 3.5 billion people are infected with helminth worm parasites half the world lacks proper sanitation systems meeting this the largest MDG target will have a cross-sectoral social impact improving livelihoods and general productivity productive sanitation linked to agriculture can provide new growth opportunities for poor countries

5. Number of toilets per thousand households to be installed through to 2015 to meet the MDGs

6. Sanitation target 2015: Toilets per ‘000 households versus GDP per capita

7. Biofuels: Start of A New Green Revolution? of the 50 poorest countries in the world, 38 are net importers of petroleum & 25 import all their petroleum some now spend up to six times as much on fuel as they do on health while others spend double the amount allocated to poverty reduction on fuels biofuels will become a primary cash crop taking the most fertile soils while cereals and subsistence crops will occupy low-productivity soils competition for fertiliser: increases in costs for NPK competition with the food production sector: increase in food prices

8. Geo-4 UNEP, 2007

9. Mega Biofuel Projects Ethanol –Brazil has 30 yrs experience and 1.5 million farmers grow sugar cane for fuel –Petrobras to increase ethanol exports to 9.4 million tons by 2010 from 2 million tons in 2005 –Several new processing plants in Europe (UK, Holland, France, Spain, Germany, etc.) and US –SEKAB (Sweden) proposed in Tanzania and Mozambique from bagasse (1 billion Euros investment) Biodiesel –Jatropha plantations in Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Brazil, India, Africa, Peru, Nepal, Saudi Arabia (8000 T/ha; 37% oil) –Castorseed (1000 kg/ha; 35-55% oil) –Camelina seed (1700 kg/ha; 30-37% oil) –Palm oil (5000 kg oil/ha) –Malaysia: leading oil palm planters building two refineries in Rotterdam to process >1 million tonnes of palm oil/yr –Rapeseed (3000 kg/ha)

10. Biofuels in Africa - Following Brazil’s Example? Mozambique (Petromoc) increased its ethanol production by 60% to 170 million gallons in 2007 –In collaboration with Brazil (INM), $400 million in new investments British Sun Biofuels Plc invested $20 million in a 9,000 ha jatropha biofuel project in Tanzania Indian Gov - $250 million to the West African Development Bank (BOAD) for investment in biofuel production Nigeria plans to build over two dozen ethanol plants with assistance from Brazil by 2010 The South Africa Regional Hunger and Vulnerability Program –in 2006 food costs for poor rural dwellers rose by 9.6% and urban by 8.3% –foodstuffs linked to biofuel production rose by 10.7% (grain), 11.8% (oils) and 12.8% (sugar) in rural areas South Africa’s biofuels strategy hopes to achieve a market penetration of 4.5% of liquid road transport fuels by 2013 Overseas Development Institute: “Africa’s biomass production potential is five times higher then that of the UK” In 2006, 15 African countries formed the Pan-African Non-Petroleum Producers Association (led in Senegal), aimed in part at developing a biofuels industry in the continent

11. Trends in Global Fertiliser Consumption

14. Geopolitical Perils: Global Fertiliser Supply is Controlled by Just 8 Countries Nitrogen: –97% of the world’s nitrogen fertilisers are derived from ammonia produced from methane –natural gas available in >60 countries produce this type of fertiliser Phosphate: –derived from mined phosphate rock –3 countries extract 77 per cent of the world’s phosphate rock Morocco & Western Sahara, China and USA Potassium: –derived from mined potassium salts –global potassium supply is limited to 5 countries – Canada, Russia, Germany, Belarus and Brazil

15. Phosphate Rock Reserves, 1997-2006 (from USGS summaries) China Morocco US South Africa Jordan

16. Phosphate Rock - Years of Extraction Remaining Based on Current Economic Reserves from 2006 (2% annual increase) Source: USGS

17. Closing the Nutrient and Water Cycles

18. Key Components of a Community Productive Sanitation System

19. Sub-Saharan Africa Self-Sufficient Fertiliser Supply

20. Nitrogen chemical fertiliser utilized and potential recycled using ecological sanitation (2002) (countries with population greater than five million)

21. One day’s urine from an adult produces a kilo of food Aquamor, Zimbabwe

22. Shift from Commodity-Based to Resource- Based Planning in Developing Countries governments need to educate and encourage farmers to adopt resource-based planning oriented to national and international market potentials and based on principles of economics, employment and ecology resource-based planning examines how the available land and water resources can best be utilized to achieve maximum and sustainable economic return to the farmer this shift can lead to diversification into commercial crops, such as fruits and vegetables, that generate significant increases in on-farm employment and incomes and act as a stimulus to downstream agro-industries central to this shift is the empowerment of rural women and skill development in seed production, horticulture, vegetables, and poultry to generate income it also includes promotion of micro-level credit institutions and savings programmes that can generate capital for the establishment of small rural enterprises it is within this context that the alternative fertiliser sources need to be placed productive sanitation can provide a resilient, readily available and cheap source of nutrients for this large stakeholder group

23. www.ecosanres.org Arno Rosemarin, SEI