1. Water and its Treatment Applied Chemistry

2. I. Water Treatment A.Sources of Water on Earth 1.Physical States: a.Solid : b.Liquid : c.Gas : glaciers & ice caps oceans, rivers, lakes, water beneath the ground, clouds, & rain water vapor in the atmosphere

3. Types of Precipitation Snow Sleet RainHail

4. I. Water Treatment 2.Physical Location: a.Surface water: b.Ground water: water located on the surface of the Earth water located beneath the Earth’s surface

5. How does a well reach groundwater?

6. 3. Replacement a. a. The WATER CYCLE, aka the HYDROLOGIC cycle, is a continuous circulation of water between surface water, the atmosphere, & Earth’s surface. i.Precipitation ii.Evaporation iii.Transpiration iv.Condensation Any type of moisture that falls to the Earth, such as, rain or snow Change of state from a liquid to a gas Evaporation of water from plants Change of state from gas to a liquid (seen as clouds)

8. precipitation transpiration runoff condensation evaporation groundwater surface water

9. B. Types of Water 1.Drinking water, aka potable water or pure or tap water, is water that is SAFE to drink. 2.Wastewater is used water produced by communities Sources: homes, businesses, schools

10. C. Water Treatments 1. Water Treatment Plant 2. Wastewater Treatment Plant

11. 1. WATER TREATMENT PLANT a.Operates to produce DRINKING water. b.Our local water treatment plant is Forest Park. c.Overview: From surface and/or ground water  to water treatment plant  to homes, businesses, schools through pipes. d.Basic process: physical process of filtration filtration

12. Lake Galena in Peace Valley Park

13. Water Filtration Plant http://water.epa.gov/learn/kids/drinkingwater/watertreatmentplant_index.cfm http://water.epa.gov/learn/kids/drinkingwater/watertreatmentplant_index.cfm

14. Water Filtration Plant 1.Screening : physical process used to remove large objects from water. 2.Flash Mixer : chemical pretreatment 3.Coagulation : reaction of alum with dirt to form sticky globs 4.Flocculation : process of attracting more dirt to sticky globs to form floc.

15. 5.Sedimentation : process of floc settling to bottom a.Sludge : settled solid matter that is removed from the bottom of tank (aka residual solids) 6.Filtration : physical process of passing clean liquid above sludge through layers of sand and gravel 7.Chlorination : addition of chlorine to kill bacteria before distribution to community 8.Clear Wells : storage of filtered, chlorinated water at the plant

16. 2. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT a. Operates to clean USED water. b. Overview: from sewer lines  to waste water plant  to surface water. c. Basic processes: physical, chemical and biological i.Influent (in): ii.Effluent (exit): iii.Trickling Filters: wastewater entering plant from the community water that leaves the plant to a receiving system. old cleaning system (slow) – removes organic material

17. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Influent (in) Effluent (exit) Trickling Filters

18. II. Wastewater Treatment – the Water Pollution Control Act was passed in 1948. Standards controlled by EPA. A.Primary Treatment : separates large solid waste from liquid in wastewater 1.The entire process of screening, skimming/filtering, and settling 2.Includes physical processes only 3.Examples: stirring settling filtering dilutingsedimentation dissolving change in state, size, shape

19. B. Secondary Treatment 1.Treating wastewater through chemical and biological methods 2.Relies on biological processes to remove organic waste. 3.Wastewater is sent to aeration tanks or trickling filters where it is treated with microorganisms that feed on the organic waste. Next the wastewater is chlorinated to kill disease-causing organisms. Before released to a stream or river, the wastewater is dechlorinated.

20. 4. Tests for Monitoring Activated Sludge a.Qualitative tests involve the sensory observations. Examples: color, clarity, odor b.Quantitative tests use instruments to make measurements. Examples: temperature, pH, oxygen levels, chlorine levels

21. Quantitative Tests SLAM : Standard Laboratory Analysis Method – to test and monitor waste water SLAM : Standard Laboratory Analysis Method – to test and monitor waste water SOP : Standard Operating Procedures – provides a method of producing reliable results through standardization of sampling and testing; describes plant operations. SOP : Standard Operating Procedures – provides a method of producing reliable results through standardization of sampling and testing; describes plant operations.

22. III. Water Pollution A. Ground Water 1. Formation: Water travels down through the earth’s surface 2.This is called seepage. 3.Water seeps or trickles down through the earth at a rate of several inches to few feet per day. 4.Ground water is the largest single supply of fresh water. It is 30 times greater than lakes and 3000 times greater than streams.

23. Water Pollution 2.Watershed: total drainage area over which water flows to a common point. a.The watershed in our area is the Schuykill Watershed. 3. Runoff: water that flows over a watershed after a rainfall or snow melt 4. Aquifer : porous rock structure that holds water beneath the earth’s surface Ex. of an aquifer: sand or sandstoneEx. of an aquifer: sand or sandstone

24. Water Pollution 5.Water Table: top of the aquifer 6.Aquitard: earth materials that prevent the easy flow of water Ex. of an aquitard: Clay or basalt

25. precipitation condensation Groundwater runoff evaporation surface water transpiration aquifer water table seepage watershed

26. B. Factors Affecting the Movement of Water 1. Sediment: earth materials, such as rock fragments, stones, sand, and clay, that are deposited by water, wind, or ice 2. “Matter that settles” refers to sediment

27. Factors Affecting the Movement of Water 3.Composition of the earth materials a.Permeability – the ability of a substance (earth’s materials) to allow water to pass through it b.Pores – holes or spaces between earth’s materials

28. Pore Size LARGE MEDIUM SMALL SAND GRAVEL CLAY c.The amount of water penetrating depends upon the spacing.

29. 1. Contamination: any type of impurity a.Pesticide : any chemical used to kill pests (insects or small animals) b.The safe concentration level for each chemical is different for each chemical. c.A major cause of water pollution in Pennsylvania is mining. C. Contamination of Ground Water

30. Abandoned Mine Drainage Water that is polluted from contact with coal mining activity Water that is polluted from contact with coal mining activity –acid mine drainage (the most prevalent) –alkaline mine drainage (this typically occurs when calcite or dolomite is present) –metal mine drainage (high levels of lead or other metals drain from abandoned mines) Acid mine drainage is the formation and movement of highly acidic water rich in heavy metals. Acid mine drainage is the formation and movement of highly acidic water rich in heavy metals. –This acidic water forms through the chemical reaction of surface water and shallow subsurface water with rocks that contain sulfur-bearing minerals, resulting in sulfuric acid. –Heavy metals can be leached from rocks that come in contact with the acid, a process that may be substantially enhanced by bacterial action. –The resulting fluids may be highly toxic and, when mixed with groundwater, surface water and soil, may have harmful effects on humans, animals and plants

31. Contamination of Ground Water 2.Plume – the distribution of contaminated ground water; the spread of pollution a.Area source : pollution over a wide area i. The plume has a fairly constant concentration of pollutant. ii. There are no regions of very high or low levels of pollutant. iii. Example: agricultural application

32. Contamination of Ground Water Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from pesticide application on farm land. Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from pesticide application on farm land. Farm Land

33. Contamination of Ground Water b. Point Source : pollution over a single or small point i.The plume has a wide range concentration of pollutant. ii.High levels of pollutant are close to the source. iii.Low levels of pollutant are far from the source. iv.Example: leaks from storage tanks

34. Contamination of Ground Water Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from a broken pipe at the gas station. Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from a broken pipe at the gas station. Gas station

35. Fruitvale Activity Hypothesis: testable statement Hypothesis: testable statement Universal indicator: a mixture of compounds used to provide information on pH over a wide range of values Universal indicator: a mixture of compounds used to provide information on pH over a wide range of values ppb = parts per billion ppb = parts per billion

36. Draw a plume to show unsafe areas where pesticide levels in the water exceed 1 ppb. Mark the source with an X. 1111 1234 1 453 24 33 121 Concentration Range Code Not detected; less than.1 ppb 1.11 ppb -.9 ppb 2.81 ppb – 4 ppb 3 4.1 ppb – 32 ppb 4 More than 32 ppb 5 X