2. INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY- METAL ASSOCIATED THEORY TOPIC3. HAND TOOLS & FABRICATION VICESCLAMPSCUTTINGTINSIPS & CHISELS FILESHAMMERSFASTENERSSCREWDRIVERS

3. The common bench vice is used to hold work whilst cutting, filing and bending. The handle is long enough to enable the jaws to be tightened sufficiently. Material which is long can be supported in an offset vice The vice is used to hold materials that are being drilled or milled. machine Bench vices have jaws to grip the work better, but should have jaws fitted when holding polished work or material subject to damage. serrated soft Vices are usually made from iron. They have threads. Vices should not be cast square over-tightened. VICES

4. CLAMPS G clamp Sash clamp Toolmaker’s clamp This small clamp is used to hold small components when shaping or sharpening. Made of light metal or plastic this clamp holds parts together prior to riveting or spot welding. Spring clamp Vice grips or locking pliers These come in a variety of nose shapes and are useful for holding parts prior to welding and brazing.

5. CUTTING Most metals, including mild steel which contains less than % carbon, can be cut with ordinary hand tools, including hacksaws and chisels. 0.1 The teeth always point towards the so that the hacksaw cuts on the stroke. The direction of the cutting stroke is indicated by an printed on the blade. front forward arrow Hacksaw blades have hardened but the remainder of the blade is to allow flexibility. Blades usually come in three grades Teeth soft 18, 24 & 32 tpi Jeweller’s saw This saw has very fine teeth and is used for intricate cutting such as in jewellery making. One person only should operate, & keep fingers clear of the blade. Adjustable hacksaw Bench Shears

6. TINSNIPS COLD CHISELS Tinsnips can be used to cut sheet metal up to mm thick. There are two main types. 0.5 Straight snips are used to cut along straight lines or around outside curves. Curved snips are used to cut inside curves. (These snips curve to the left) The flat chisel is used for general cutting operations. Round nose chisels can cut oil grooves or form an internal fillet. The diamond point chisel is used to prepare joints for welding. The cross cut chisel is used to cut keyways or slots.

7. FILES & FILING Files are made of steel. 1.25 to 1.5% carbon tool taper body tang handle toe There are three main grades of files used in the workshop. “Grade” refers to the size of the teeth. The coarsest grades is called The next grade is called The finest grade is called Hand files have sides and one edge has teeth. bastard second cut smooth. parallel no Half round Round, or rat tail square flat WARNING! Never use a file without a handle. Never hit a file or try to bend it. Do not use a file as a lever.

8. PRECAUTIONS! 1.Check for a loose-fitting head. 2.Never hit hammer faces together. HAMMERS Ball Pein Forging, riveting and bending. Soft-faced Assembly of metal components subject to damage. SPANNERS & FASTENERS Open end spanner Ring spanners sockets Ratchet Extension Open end spanners will fit square and hexagon nuts. Ring spanners have 12 sides and allow movement in tight locations. Sockets are used in confined spaces.

9. FASTENERS Cup head bolt & hexagon nut Hexagon head bolt & nut Machine or Set screw Precision Self-locking Socket screw Binding or Pan head Countersunk head Calculate the size of the core of the screw. Many specialist fasteners are also available, with new ones being constantly designed.

10. SCREWDRIVERS Slotted Phillips Choose a bit that fits the head of the screw snugly. Adjust the torque settings on the drill

11. The End of Topic 3 Don’t forget your assignment!