1. Prof. David R. Jackson Dept. of ECE Fall 2013 Notes 13 ECE 6340 Intermediate EM Waves 1

2. Mode Orthogonality Mode “ m ” ( E m, H m ) Mode “ n ” ( E n, H n ) Waveguide modes are “orthogonal” (in the complex power sense) if: C cc z 2

3. Mode Orthogonality (cont.) Assume two modes are orthogonal, and examine the complex power flowing down the guide when two modes are present: 3

4. Hence If two modes are orthogonal, the total complex power is the sum of the two complex powers of the individual modes. Mode Orthogonality (cont.) 4

5. Theorem 1 A TE z mode is always orthogonal to a TM z mode. Theorem 2 Two TM z modes (or two TE z modes) are orthogonal to each other if they are not degenerate: Waveguides with PEC Walls (There may be a lossy material inside the waveguide.) 5

6. Degenerate Modes 6 Degenerate modes are not in general orthogonal. TE 10 mode A simple example is two modes that are really the same mode. 1 Watt + = 4 Watt If the mode doubles, the fields are twice as strong, and hence the power increases by a factor of four.

7. Square waveguide: TE 10 and TE 01 modes These two modes are already orthogonal (even though they are degenerate). 7 Sometimes the modes are orthogonal, even when they are degenerate. Degenerate Mode (cont.)

8. 8 Circular waveguide: Two TE 11 modes Not orthogonal Orthogonal If two modes of the same type are degenerate, but they are linearly independent, we can always choose a combination of them that will correspond to two orthogonal modes. Degenerate Mode (cont.)

9. 9 For a rectangular waveguide, two modes of the same type (TE z or TM z ) will be orthogonal provided that the mode indices are not exactly the same. Rectangular Waveguide The proof is left as a homework problem. (Use orthogonality of the sin and cosine functions that make up the field variations in the x and y directions.)

10. Here we mention some other types of orthogonality relations that exist for waveguides:Appendix 10  Orthogonality for waveguides with lossy walls  Orthogonality for the longitudinal fields  Orthogonality for the transverse electric or magnetic fields

11. The previous two theorems hold for a waveguide with lossy walls if we change the definition of orthogonality to be: Waveguides with Lossy Walls (Note that there is no conjugate here.) However, in this case, we can no longer say that the total power flowing down the waveguide is the sum of the individual mode powers. (The lossy walls are modeled as an impedance surface.) 11

12. Consider two non-degenerate modes that are either both TM z or both TE z. Then we have that Orthogonality for Longitudinal Fields TM z TE z Note: If the two modes are degenerate, but they are linearly independent, we can always choose a combination of them that will correspond to two orthogonal modes. Assumption: lossless walls 12

13. Consider two non-degenerate modes that are either both TE z or both TM z. Then we have that for either case, Orthogonality for Transverse Fields Note: If the two modes are degenerate, but they are linearly independent, we can always choose a combination of them that will correspond to two orthogonal modes. Assumption: lossless walls 13

14. Consider one mode that is TE z and one mode that is TM z. Then we have that Orthogonality for Transverse Fields (cont.) This orthogonality is true whether the modes are degenerate or not. Assumption: lossless walls 14

15. Reference R. E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves, IEEE Press, 1991. To see a derivation of the orthogonality theorems presented here, and others, please see the following reference: 15