1. Chapter 2
Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry
Is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between Carbon atoms.
Carbon compounds are also called organic compounds.

3. Chemistry of living organisms
Chemical elements are in living matter
The cell is a chemical factory
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
(C,O,H,N…most abundant in cells)

4. Chemistry of living organisms
Small amounts of S, P, Mg, I, Fe, Ca, Na, Cl and K are in cells.
Sulfur, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Iodine, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Chlorine and Potassium

5. Chemical compounds in living matter
Inorganic
Lack combination of carbon and hydrogen:
Water
Salts
Inorganic acids and bases

6. Chemical compounds in living matter
Organic compounds
Contain carbon and hydrogen
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
All are called macromolecules or polymers. Polymers are made of smaller subunits called monomers.

7. Carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O Mostly starches and sugars
H and O are present in a 2:1 ratio
Basic unit is a monosaccharide
Glucose, C6H12O6
Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide in a process called dehydration synthesis

8. Monosaccharides “simple sugars”
These molecules consist of open-chain or ring forms of 3 to 8 carbon atoms. The most common type of monosaccharide is the simple sugar "glucose".

9. Examples of Monosaccharides

10. Disaccharides
When two monosaccharides are joined together they form a "disaccharide". This linking of two sugars involves the removal of a molecule of H2O (water) and is therefore called a "dehydration linkage". The reaction is called "dehydration synthesis".
e.g. Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

11. Polysaccharide 2 or more monosaccharides
The simplest polysaccharide is a long chain (polymer) of glucose, called "starch".

12. Polysaccharides There are three types of starch:
(1) Amylose: a non-branching straight chain of glucose - used to store glucose in plants.
(2) Amylopectin: a branched chain, also used to store glucose in plants.
(3) Glycogen: another branched chain molecule used to store glucose in animals.

13. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides can also form very important structural components in plants and animals.
Cellulose: is the principal constituent in plant cell walls.
Chitin: is an important structural material in the outer coverings of insects, crabs, and lobsters. In chitin the basic subunit is not glucose. These polymers are made very hard when impregnated with calcium carbonate.

14. Carbohydrate Review
Monosaccharides or simple sugars include glucose, fructose and ribose
Disaccharides include maltose and sucrose
Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, chitin and glycogen
Sugar names end in -ose

15. Carbohydrate Review Funtions
Provide chemical energy, either as a polymer (starch) or released and used as glucose
Components of cell structures such as cell wall in the case of cellulose
Part of nucleic acid backbone, ribose
Make outer coverings of animals with chitin

16. Lipids
Contain C, H and O
Ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is greater than 2:1
Ratio is not consistent
Some lipids are products of dehydration synthesis of 3 molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol = Triglycerides

17. Lipids: glycerol + fatty acid

18. Lipids Very hydrophobic: hate water
Examples: fats and oils, triglycerides and phospholipids
Functions: stored energy (triglycerides), components of cell structures like the cell membrane (phosopholipids and cholesterol)

19. Proteins Contain C, H, O, N and sometimes sulfur
Made of structural units called amino acids (there are 20 AAs)
Two amino acids combine by dehydration synthesis to form a dipeptide. These are joined by a peptide bond.

20. Proteins Amino acid + amino acid = protein chain or polypeptide
Form through synthesis and break down through hydrolysis (addition of H2O)
Proteins can be made of one or more polypeptides
Proteins differ in number, kinds and order of amino acids
Examples: insulin, hemoglobin and enzymes

21. Proteins Functions: Control the rates of reactions
Regulate cell processes
Help form bone and muscles
Carry substances into and out of cells
Help fight disease

22. Enzymes Are proteins Act as catalysts: speed things up
Enzymes increase the rate of reactions by decreasing the activation energy of reactions
Structure: large complex proteins made of one or more polypeptide chains
Names end in -ase

23. Enzymes
Protein nature: either pure proteins or proteins associated with non-protein parts called coenzymes (vitamins)
Active sites: enzymes are larger than their target molecules and they fold to create pockets where reacting molecules fit in

24. Animation of enzyme active site

25. Enzyme
Functions to affect the rate of the reactions. Makes it go faster
Substrate is the beginning reactant in the reaction

27. Enzymes Facts: Substrate binds to enzyme at active site
Enzymes act on substrates to reduce energy needed to make product
Substrate is changed
Enzyme separates from products and can form an association with another substrate
Enzyme, as a catalyst is not used up in the reaction
Increases reaction rate

28. Enzymes
Lock and Key model: enzyme is compared to key since only one key will open a lock and enzymes are specific to one type of substrate

29. Enzymes Factors that influences them:
Temperature: increases temperate… goes faster
Optimum temp is when it is the most effective
High temps denature (break down) the protein

30. Enzymes Also influenced by pH pH 3 best for stomach
pH 8 best for intestines
pH 7 best for cells and blood

31. Enzymes
Amount of enzyme present also effects the rate of the enzyme action

32. Nucleic Acids Contain H, O, N, C and phosphorus
Are the monomers that make up nucleic acids
Each consists of a 5-C sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
Function: store and transmit hereditary information
Two kinds: DNA and RNA

33. Nucleic Acids Sugars vary between DNA and RNA DNA has deoxyribose
RNA has ribose

34. Nucleic Acids Nitrogen bases vary between the two
DNA has guanine, cytosine, adenosine, and thymine
RNA replaces thymine with uracil but the others are the same

35. Nucleic Acids DNA’s nitrogenous bases always pair the same.
A-T and C-G
RNA’s nitrogenous bases always pair the same
A-U and C-g

36. Quiz
1. Which group of organic molecules is the build block of enzymes?
A. carbohydrates
B. proteins
C. lipids
D. nucleic acids

37. 2. Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide?
A. glucose
B. fructose
C. starch
D. sucrose

38. 3. Which of the following macromolecules is NOT connected properly with its subunit?
A. simple sugars – carbohydrate
B. amino acids – protein
C. fatty acids and glycerol – lipids
D. glucose – nucleic acids

39. 4. What element is found in all organic compounds?
A. nitrogen
B. carbon
C. iron
D. oxygen

40. 5. The formation of a larger molecule from two smaller molecules with the removal of water is called?
A. hydrolysis
B. dehydration synthesis
C. metabolism
D. ion formation

41. 6. DNA and RNA are two types of
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. polysaccharides
D. nucleic acids

42. 7. What is the function of enzymes?
A. they provide energy for chemical reactions
B. they decrease the amount of activation energy needed to begin a chemical reaction
C. they transport food in the blood
D. they are chemically destroyed as they break apart molecules in the cell

43. 8. Which of the following factors affect the rate of enzyme action?
A. pH
B. temperature
C. amount of enzyme present
D. all of these

44. 9. which of the following is a type of enzyme?
A. protease
B. lipase
C. amylase
D. all of the above

45. 10. which material does the enzyme lactase act upon?
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. lactose
D. amino acids

46. 11. What is the name of the material that is acted upon by enzymes?
A. coenzyme
B. inhibitor
C. substrate
D. fribrin

47. 12. All enzymes are composed of
A. lipid molecules
B. sugar molecules
C. protein molecules
D. fatty acids

48. Answers
1. b d
2. c d
3. d c
4. b c
5. b c
6. d
7. b