1. COM S 207 While-Loop Statement Instructor: Ying Cai Department of Computer Science Iowa State University yingcai@iastate.edu

2. Used to implement looping Two key elements test condition body of loop Test Condition Execute Statements (body of loop) true false while (condition) { Statement1; Statement2; ::: } // end while While loop body of loop As long as the condition is true, you execute all statements in the body of the loop. When condition is false, you exit the loop. Key Point: Some statement(s) in the body of the loop must eventually make the condition false.

3. Example int K = 0; while (K < 4) { System.out.print(K + “ “); K++; } output: 0 1 2 3

4. More Examples int i = 0; int sum = 0; while (i < 4) { sum = sum + i; i++; } System.out.println(sum);

5. More Examples int i = 2; int p = 1; int total = 1; while (p < 4) { total = i * total; p++; } System.out.println(total);

6. More Examples i = 0; sum = 0; while (sum < 10) { i++; sum = sum + i; Print i and sum; } i = 0; sum = 0; while (sum < 10) { i++; sum = sum - i; Print i and sum; } i = 0; sum = 0; while (sum < 0) { i++; sum = sum + i; Print i and sum; } i = 0; sum = 0; while (sum >= 10) { i++; sum = sum + i; Print i and sum; }

7. Hand-Tracing Loops int n = 1729; int sum = 0; while (n > 0) { int digit = n % 10; sum = sum + digit; n = n / 10; } NSumdigit 17290

8. Common Error 1: Infinite Loop int year = 1; while (year <= 20) { double interest = balance * rate /100.0; balance = balance + interest; } // end while Forgetting to update the variable that eventually makes the loop condition false

9. Common Error 1: Infinite Loop Forgetting to update the variable that eventually makes the loop condition false int year = 1; while (year > 0) { double interest = balance * rate /100.0; balance = balance + interest; year++; } // end while

10. Common Error 2: Off-by-One Error or Boundary Condition Error Questions: 1)Should year start at 0 or 1? 2)Should you test for (balance <TARGET ) or (balance <= TARGET) int year = 0; while (balance < TARGET) { year++; double interest = balance * rate /100.0; } // end while System.out.println(“the interest doubled after ” + year + “years.”);

11. Exercise Write a Java program that prompts the user for a positive integers value and outputs the numbers (1 2 3 4 …) up to the number that is inputted. Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println(“Enter in a positive number: “); int lastNumber = in.nextInt(); int cntr = 1; System.out.println(“ “); while (cntr <= lastNumber) { System.out.print(cntr + “ “); cntr++; }

12. Write Loops that computes 1)the sum of all integers between 2 and 100 (inclusive) 2)the sum of all EVEN integers between 2 and 100 (exclusive) 3)the sum of all SQUARES of integers between -300 and +300 (inclusive) 4)the average of all ODD integers between 1 and 100 (inclusive)