1. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Lecture 2 Mobile Communications Introduction to mobile networks Current state Technology Applications Players The impact of 3G networks Costs and implementation in an organisation Summary Slide1

2. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology History of mobile communications 1st Generation (1G) of mobile phone 1983 – Analogue! 2G standards 1991 Uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) as radio transmission, data rate <9.6kbps 2.5G standards - Transition between 2G and 3G GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Packet switched architecture on circuit switched GSM network, Speed up to 114kbps EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) <384Kbps, inexpensive deployment – using existing GPRS infrastructure Slide 2 j.c.westlake@staffs.ac.uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

3. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology History of mobile communications 3G Standards – 2001 Still Packet switched and Circuit switched architecture More functionality - telephone, mobile internet, video calls, live TV UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) system in UK (CDMA2000 in US) HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) 56Mbit downlink / 22Mbit uplink 4G Standard – from 2006 in South Korea (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4g) WiMax, LTE Slide 3 j.c.westlake@staffs.ac.uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

4. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology 2nd Generation Phones 1982 CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations) created group to develop European standard. 1989 GSM responsibility transferred to ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) GSM launched in 1991 3 Primary Benefits Digitally Encrypted More efficient on spectrum allowing greater phone penetration levels (more phones per km 2 ) Introduced data services Initially SMS j.c.westlake@staffs.ac.uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

5. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology GSM Global System for Mobile Communications (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gsm)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gsm >3 billion in more than 212 countries Roaming between mobile phone operators “112” - Emergency telephone number worldwide 1997 added packet data capabilities via GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 1999 Introduced higher data speeds using EDGE (enhanced Data rates for GSM evolution) j.c.westlake@staffs.ac.uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

6. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology GSM GSM Cell radius depends on Antenna height Antenna Gain Propagation conditions Longest in practical use is 35 km Indoor coverage by in-building penetration or Indoor picocell base station or Indoor repeater Distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters Used where high call capacity need e.g. shopping centre or airport j.c.westlake@staffs.ac.uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

7. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Cells and cluster Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons May actually be overlapping ovals Size and actual shape varies depending on the landscape A cluster is a group of cells Slide 7 j.c.westlake@staffs.ac.uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

8. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Cells and cluster Frequency reuse - reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a time MACRO - Base station antenna installed on mast above average roof top level MICRO - Antenna height below average roof top level, typically used in urban areas PICO - Small cells with coverage diameter of few meters, used mainly indoors FEMTO - Designed for use in residential or SME environments, Connected to service provider via a broadband internet connection UMBRELLA - Used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells, fill in gaps in coverage between cells Slide 8 j.c.westlake@staffs.ac.uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

9. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology GPRS General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) This standard was agreed by ETSI in March 1998 It is designed to allow data communication to take place within the existing GSM infrastructure and technology A few additional servers are added to the network to allow this. Speeds of 140Kbits in theory, typical 56Kbps Packet switched rather than circuit switched This is described as being a 2.5G technology To use GPRS you will need a GPRS enabled device. Existing GSM devices will not be able to make use of the additional features. Version 1.2 Jan 2008 Slide 9 j.c.westlake@staffs.ac.uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

10. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology 3G UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) Full packet driven architecture f or voice and for data transmissions. Packet based networks allow for an increased amount of traffic on a medium. Up to 21Mbits/s using HSDPA (actual 384Kbits or 7.2Mbits HSDPA) The only time part of that medium is blocked is when a device is transmitting or receiving. Consider how often, in your phone calls, you actually say nothing;- Natural pause between words, taking a breath Waiting for a response, thinking of something to say – “errrr” WCDMA or CDMA2000 instead of TDMA – American system Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Slide 10

11. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology 3G (Cont) Multi-rate transmission – different speeds for different type of data -Better QoS 3G is targeting the following data rate based on micro- cells, macro-cells and pico-cells Micro-cells - 144 kbits/s Macro-cells - 384 kbits/s Pico-cells -2048 kbits/s Slide 11

12. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Mobile phone frequency spectrum Normally, 2 frequency bands are needed for mobile transmission Uplink Downlink Different providers adopt different frequency ranges Slide 12 A – Reserved for new entrant – Three and Hutchinson B - Vodafone C - BT D – T-mobile E - Orange Source: http://www.three-g.net/3g_spectrum.html

13. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Critique of 3g Does it add any value – business point of view Depends on view point And on type of business What are its issues, if any? The evolution of 3g networks to support the 3g devices Need to run on 2g networks as well Bottleneck - Increase the number of base stations/masts Are industries using it? See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3g Entertainment Mobile TV Download video/music Speed…. Slide 13j.c.westlake@staffs.ac. uk & k.k.chai@staffs.ac.uk & Alison Griffiths

14. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Base Station Locations A database of all cellular base stations is provided by OFCOM in the UK This database contains the locations of all Base stations and discusses the details of them Here is a screen grab of Stoke (station) Mast on station Ofcom Sitefinder/ Ofcom Sitefinder/

15. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Investment in what? What would you buy/how to become 3g as a firm? How do you plan to use mobile/wireless technologies ? What wireless network is currently available in your area and what will be available in the future? Security Learning curves for employee Alternatives to 3G? Wireless broadband (local area only) Bluetooth (pico-network, very local)

16. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Future communications High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) From 3.6Mbps (2009); runs at 42Mbps as of 2013, 337Mbps soon. Fourth generation GSM (4G) Not quite here yet (WiMaX and LTE) Entirely packet switched networks - Voice and data in packet Peak data rates of 100Mbps for high motility 1Gbps for low motility n/w Dynamically share and utilise network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. Scalable channel bandwidth between 5-20MHz (theoretical 40MHz) High quality support for next generation multimedia support Seamless wireless network Handover

17. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Origins of SMS Version 1.2 Jan 2008 Slide 17 Short Messaging Service (SMS), also known as Simple Message Service Intention - Designed as a replacement for the Pager Pager allows text messages to be sent to the device To respond you must get to a phone Widely used in Hospitals, Military, Police, Industry SMS allowed Two way communications of the text messages Maximum character length of 160 characters This can change though depending on the operator or the character set used Character sets supported are ASCII + additional European characters Unicode (uses 2 characters!) First Text was sent in December 1992, to a Vodafone device, sent by Neil Papworth, saying “Merry Christmas” Standard defined by ETSI and is known as “GSM 03.40”

18. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology SMS Origins (cont) The success is SMS was never planned for! It was only ever intended as the Pager replacement, with limited use - t his explains some of the design decisions made Usage in the UK alone By December 2004, 2.45 billion messages were sent via the UK operators alone, now over 4 billion a month Consider this at 8 pence a time! Using nothing other than spare capacity in the network Operators recognised the massive potential of data services They looked at developing SMS Result was Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) Allowed additional data to be sent beyond SMS Text formatting Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) – Pictures, Video Slide 18

19. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Slide 19

20. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology SMS Infrastructure One additional server needs adding to the GSM network Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) SMSC GSM SMS Infrastructure Base Station Base Station HLR HLR = Home Location Register Other Mobile Phone Network

21. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Example SMS transmission packet Slide 21

22. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology MMS Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) Allows the transfer of more than text between mobile devices Old devices do not need to be compatible! In the event of an incompatible device being sent a MMS, they will receive an Internet link instead The message can then be view on the Internet at a later stage Is only available on GPRS devices and newer The following are the current standards, may be expanded in the future This is a list of base requirements for devices to be given the title of MMS compatible Pictures -JPEG, GIF, PNG, SVG-Tiny (2D Vector Graphics) Movies -MPEG-4 Sound - SP-MIDI, Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) Text -ASCII Text, UTF 8/16 Future UseAllows unlimited expansion Slide 22

23. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology MMS Delivery SMS was delivered in a single packet MMS can have a theoretical unlimited message size In reality the operators/devices will control the size of the messages This indicates that the message can not be delivered in a single packet Number of packets will depend on the type of messages sent, as with TCP Summary We have discussed the evolution of mobile carriers and messaging technologies. 3.5G is the latest mobile technology but it is still new in the mobile market and the service is not widely available yet. There are alternative solutions than 3G/3.5G – WiMax and WiFi. Slide 23

24. N.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.ukN.A.Shulver@staffs.ac.uk, E.R.Edwards Applied Comms Technology Glossary GSM – Global System for Mobiles TDMA – time division, multiple access GPRS – General Packet Radio Service EDGE – Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution CDMA2000 – A standard Code Division Multiple Access WCDMA – Wideband Code Division Multiple Access HSPA – High Speed Packet Access CEPT – The Electronic Communications Committee ETSI – European Telecommunications Standards Institute SMS – Short Messaging Service UTMS – Unrealistically Twisted Mental Shenanigans? UTMS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System QoS – Quality of Service