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Howard Zinn “No flag is large enough to cover the shame of killing innocent people”—Howard Zinn
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Zinn Analysis 2014 Preview Question – What are we typically taught about Christopher Columbus in school and in the textbooks? – Why might this be?
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Zinn Analysis 2014 Step 1: – Compare your responses to the OPVL chart and the summary questions with the person across from you. – Then discuss with the entire group. – Add additional comments onto your own sheet. Step 2: – Even numbers (A2, A4, B2, B4, etc.) rotate over to the next group letter. – Again compare your responses with your new group.
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Zinn Analysis 2014 Step 3: – Each group will be assigned, O,P,V, or L – For your assigned letter, fill out 3 sticky notes, each with key information for your letter and place them on the corresponding poster paper around the room. – Also, each group should select 1 quote that they found to be most interesting from the Zinn article (again write it on a sticky note and place it on the poster) – Finally, each group must discuss 1 difference in how Columbus is portrayed between Zinn and Elementary/Middle School (write on sticky note and place on poster) Step 4: – Gallery Walk: Rotate around the room and add info to your answer sheet. – I encourage you to take pictures of the posters with your smart phones
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Zinn Analysis 2014 Post-Activity Questions: – Go over O, P, V, and L What did you find most interesting? Why? Why don’t you think Zinn’s portrayal of Columbus is the one we get in most textbooks? What accounts for this difference?
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We’re Coming to America Establishing the Colonies and the Roots of Revolution
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Factors Contributing to English Colonization of N. America Mercantilism Fur Trade Wealth/Resources/Land/ Opportunity Competition with Spain, Portugal, France Escape Religious Persecution – Puritans, Quakers, etc. Others…FORCED…Who?... Why?
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Triangular Slave Trade
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Colonial America: On the Eve of the French and Indian War
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French and Indian War (1754-1763) Main Issue: Control of the Ohio River Valley – British pushing west; wary of French influence in N. America – French need Ohio R. Valley to keep link b/n Canada and lower Mississippi Valley/Caribbean George Washington triggers a World War! – Washington’s Ohio Mission (May 1754)…commissioned by VA Prevent French from building fort Defeated; British seek retaliation…sparks war
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French and Indian War (1754-1763) Became largest World War…up to that point Albany Congress (1754)…Goals – Short Term: Win Iroquois loyalty to Brits – Long Term: Promote greater colonial unity; build stronger defense against French Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin created a plan for colonial self- rule: dealt w/ defense & Indian Affairs – Adopted by Albany Congress Rejected by colonies: “not enough independence” Rejected by British: “too much independence”
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French and Indian War (1754-1763) British struggle early under General Braddock – Fail in invasion of Canada in 1756 William Pitt becomes leader of Brit. Govt. – Strategy: Avoid clashes w/ French in Caribbean; Focus on France in N. America to win the War (Quebec/Montreal) Battle of Quebec (1759-1760) – One of the most significant battles in British and American history…British victory opens the door to Montreal – Battle of Montreal (1760) British victory effectively ends French power/influence in North America Leads to the eventual Treaty of Paris
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French and Indian War (1754-1763) Treaty of Paris (1763) – France was effectively removed from N. America (Technically, land west of Miss. River still French, but not yet settled…given by French to Sapin – Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in N. America and as the leading naval power in the world
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French and Indian War (1754-1763) Friction b/n Colonies and British after the war – Colonies emerge from war with increased confidence in their military strength Colonial leaders angry so few promoted in Brit. army – Brits upset American merchants traded with Spanish and French W. Indies during the war – American westward colonial expansion increased significantly after the war French barrier w. of Appalachians removed Spanish/Indian threats removed in many areas Settlers no longer as dependent on Brits for protection
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French and Indian War (1754-1763) Aftermath of the French and Indian War – Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) Ottawa Chief, Pontiac (former French ally) refuses to surrender lands to Brits Leads Native Amer. Alliance against Brits in OH Valley and Great Lakes – 9/11 British forts taken; 2,000 killed Takes Brits 18 months to restore control – Used Germ Warfare: distributed blankets w/ small pox to natives – Rebellion subdued in October 1764 – Convince Brits of need to normalize relations w/ Native Americans – Sets stage for Proclamation Act of 1763
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French and Indian War (1754-1763) Aftermath of the French and Indian War – Proclamation Act of 1763 Issued by King George in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion Prohibits colonists from moving west of the Appalachians – Why? Colonists infuriated…why? – Feel betrayed – Argue land is their birthright as British citizens – Colonists largely ignore – Sets the stage for further tensions b/n colonies & G.B.
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