1. Howard Zinn “No flag is large enough to cover the shame of killing innocent people”—Howard Zinn

2. Zinn Analysis 2014 Preview Question – What are we typically taught about Christopher Columbus in school and in the textbooks? – Why might this be?

3. Zinn Analysis 2014 Step 1: – Compare your responses to the OPVL chart and the summary questions with the person across from you. – Then discuss with the entire group. – Add additional comments onto your own sheet. Step 2: – Even numbers (A2, A4, B2, B4, etc.) rotate over to the next group letter. – Again compare your responses with your new group.

4. Zinn Analysis 2014 Step 3: – Each group will be assigned, O,P,V, or L – For your assigned letter, fill out 3 sticky notes, each with key information for your letter and place them on the corresponding poster paper around the room. – Also, each group should select 1 quote that they found to be most interesting from the Zinn article (again write it on a sticky note and place it on the poster) – Finally, each group must discuss 1 difference in how Columbus is portrayed between Zinn and Elementary/Middle School (write on sticky note and place on poster) Step 4: – Gallery Walk: Rotate around the room and add info to your answer sheet. – I encourage you to take pictures of the posters with your smart phones

5. Zinn Analysis 2014 Post-Activity Questions: – Go over O, P, V, and L What did you find most interesting? Why? Why don’t you think Zinn’s portrayal of Columbus is the one we get in most textbooks? What accounts for this difference?

6. We’re Coming to America Establishing the Colonies and the Roots of Revolution

7. Factors Contributing to English Colonization of N. America Mercantilism Fur Trade Wealth/Resources/Land/ Opportunity Competition with Spain, Portugal, France Escape Religious Persecution – Puritans, Quakers, etc. Others…FORCED…Who?... Why?

8. Triangular Slave Trade

9. Colonial America: On the Eve of the French and Indian War

10. French and Indian War (1754-1763) Main Issue: Control of the Ohio River Valley – British pushing west; wary of French influence in N. America – French need Ohio R. Valley to keep link b/n Canada and lower Mississippi Valley/Caribbean George Washington triggers a World War! – Washington’s Ohio Mission (May 1754)…commissioned by VA Prevent French from building fort Defeated; British seek retaliation…sparks war

11. French and Indian War (1754-1763) Became largest World War…up to that point Albany Congress (1754)…Goals – Short Term: Win Iroquois loyalty to Brits – Long Term: Promote greater colonial unity; build stronger defense against French Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin created a plan for colonial self- rule: dealt w/ defense & Indian Affairs – Adopted by Albany Congress Rejected by colonies: “not enough independence” Rejected by British: “too much independence”

12. French and Indian War (1754-1763) British struggle early under General Braddock – Fail in invasion of Canada in 1756 William Pitt becomes leader of Brit. Govt. – Strategy: Avoid clashes w/ French in Caribbean; Focus on France in N. America to win the War (Quebec/Montreal) Battle of Quebec (1759-1760) – One of the most significant battles in British and American history…British victory opens the door to Montreal – Battle of Montreal (1760) British victory effectively ends French power/influence in North America Leads to the eventual Treaty of Paris

13. French and Indian War (1754-1763) Treaty of Paris (1763) – France was effectively removed from N. America (Technically, land west of Miss. River still French, but not yet settled…given by French to Sapin – Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in N. America and as the leading naval power in the world

14. French and Indian War (1754-1763) Friction b/n Colonies and British after the war – Colonies emerge from war with increased confidence in their military strength Colonial leaders angry so few promoted in Brit. army – Brits upset American merchants traded with Spanish and French W. Indies during the war – American westward colonial expansion increased significantly after the war French barrier w. of Appalachians removed Spanish/Indian threats removed in many areas Settlers no longer as dependent on Brits for protection

15. French and Indian War (1754-1763) Aftermath of the French and Indian War – Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) Ottawa Chief, Pontiac (former French ally) refuses to surrender lands to Brits Leads Native Amer. Alliance against Brits in OH Valley and Great Lakes – 9/11 British forts taken; 2,000 killed Takes Brits 18 months to restore control – Used Germ Warfare: distributed blankets w/ small pox to natives – Rebellion subdued in October 1764 – Convince Brits of need to normalize relations w/ Native Americans – Sets stage for Proclamation Act of 1763

16. French and Indian War (1754-1763) Aftermath of the French and Indian War – Proclamation Act of 1763 Issued by King George in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion Prohibits colonists from moving west of the Appalachians – Why? Colonists infuriated…why? – Feel betrayed – Argue land is their birthright as British citizens – Colonists largely ignore – Sets the stage for further tensions b/n colonies & G.B.