1. фото MANIPULATING THE QUANTUM STATE OF SINGLE ATOMS AND PHOTONS works of Nobel Laureates in physics 2012 A.V.Masalov Lebedev Physics Institute, RAS, Moscow masalov@sci.lebedev.ru

2. Nobel Prize in Physics 2012: Serge HAROCHE and David J. WINELAND "FOR GROUND-BREAKING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS THAT ENABLE MEASURING AND MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUAL QUANTUM SYSTEMS“ PHOTONS IONS

3. Serge HAROCHE École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France MANIPULATING THE QUANTUM STATE OF SINGLE PHOTONS

4. INDIVIDUAL QUANTUM SYSTEMS: photons of electromagnetic field @ 51.1 ГГц ( ~ 6 mm); number of photons – from 1 to about 10. MEASURING AND MANIPULATION: by means of single atoms in superpositional states.

5. SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITIES: - Open Fabry Perot - Niobium on diamond machined copper - Unprecedented lifetime @ 51 GHz, 0.8 K : T c = 0,13 s Q = 4,2 × 10 10 F = 4,6 × 10 9 !!! Average number of thermal photons ~ 0.05

6. CIRCULAR RYDBERG ATOMS: - Long lifetime (30 ms) - Millimeter-wave transitions - Tunable via the Stark effect - Large coupling to radiation - Efficient and state-selective single-atom detection !!! Excitation to superpositional states (by ‘  ’-pulse of light): n = 0 n = 1 n = 2 n = 3

7. B – atomic source (beam of single Rb atoms) selected by velositiy: ~ 900 pc/s, ~ 250 m/s. С – superconducting resonator: 51.1 GHz, 0.8 K, tunable (!) R 1 и R 2 – auxilary resonator for excitation anf analysis of atoms. S – source of radiation at about 51 GHz. D – detector of atomic state: or.

8. Source R 1  ‘  ’-pulse  atom Main resonator C tuned close but out of resonance with atoms Atoms are exposed to Stark-shift of levels in the interaction area C: Atom + 1 photon:  Source R 2  ‘  ’-pulse  atom + 1 photon  1 pure exited state! atom + 0 photon  0 pure ground state! INTERFEROMETER RAMSEY

9. SINGLE PHOTON IN RESONATOR

10. Photon decay in resonator: 1 realization 5 realizations 15 realizations 904 realizations

11. INTERFEROMETER RAMSEY The ‘door’ from classical world to quantum one: ‘  ’-pulse The ‘door’ from quantum world to classical one: interferometer Ramsey

12. More delicate coding of photon numbers in resonator by phase in superpositional state of atoms Number of photons Atomic stateAtomic state out of Ramsey interferometer 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

13. More delicate coding of photon numbers in C by phase in superpositional state of atoms

14. 1. Photon-state preparation in C by resonant atoms. 2. Photon-state detection by non-resonant atoms: QUANTUM NON-DEMOLITION MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTON NUMBER IN RESONATOR

15. POISSON DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTONS (at final stage on measurements)

16. TRACING THE NUMBER OF PHOTONS IN RESONATOR

17. Homodyning the quantum state of photons

18. Reconstruction of density-matrix and quasiprobability distribution of radiation with n = 1

19. Reconstruction of density-matrix and quasiprobability distribution of radiation with n = 2

20. Reconstruction of density-matrix and quasiprobability distribution of radiation with n = 3

21. Reconstruction of density-matrix and quasiprobability distribution of radiation with n = 4

22. even odd decoherence Reconstruction of density-matrix and quasiprobability distribution of radiation in the states of ‘Schredinger-cat’

24. END

25. «Время жизни» одного фотона (кр) и нуля фотонов (син)