1. A Satire/Allegory on the Russian Revolution
Animal Farm
A Satire/Allegory on the Russian Revolution

2. Russian Revolution How It Started Czar Nicolas II absolute power
huge social gulf between the peasants and the land owner and the elite
peasants and workers begin rebelling against the Czar in 1905

3. The Russian Revolution 1917-1945
Tsar Nicholas II (Monarch of Russia) -surrendered power after a complicated civil war
His family was in rule for three centuries
Very small portion of people owned everything
most were poor
Alexander Kerensky became Premier and was soon ousted

4. Bolshevik power Vladimir Lenin was leader gained control in 1917
had the Romanov family murdered in 1918
wanted Communism

5. Russian Revolution Leaders
Vladimir Lenin (Builder of the Russian Revolution) based his theories on Karl Marx (and Frederick Engles) –both were German philosophers and the writers of “The Communist Manifesto”
Lenin became ill and a need for new leadership arose
Four People struggle for power
Joseph Stalin
Gregory Zinoviev
Leon Trotsky
Lev Kamenev

6. Communism Comes from the root word of “community”
-equal distribution of wealth and possessions among Russia’s citizens
Karl Marx is “The father of communism”

7. About Lenin: Marxist revolutionist led Bolsheviks
used the Red Guard to stop others from taking over Russia, then used it to take over Russia himself
led a campaign of “Red Terror" in 1918
a systematic plot to execute opponents of communism

8. Lenin… renamed Russia to Soviet Union in 1922
created a New Economic Policy
allowed for limited private ownership of land and business
Called it ‘breathing space” for Communism to prevail
moved capital to Moscow
renamed Russia to Soviet Union in 1922
named his party the Communist party in 1917
“October Revolution” killed many to gain control and instate Communism

9. More about Lenin… named Joseph Stalin -Secretary General
powerful position in Communist party
ability to make appointments to other positions of power
ability to gain important allies
1922 – Lenin suffered paralyzing strokes
removed from leadership position
1924 – Lenin dies
Stalin and Trotsky struggle for power

10. Russian Revolution Power
Joseph Stalin: Built his power behind the lines
Leon Trotsky: Was popular/charismatic, and famous for his speeches
Lenin dies in 1924: Stalin leads an alliance against Trotsky and becomes Dictator of Russia

11. Stalin Wins! Stalin out-maneuvers Trotsky and gains control
Stalin starts to isolate Trotsky within the party because he is a threat

12. Leon Trotsky gifted speaker and writer political genius
tried to end Russian involvement in WWI
great thoughts and plans but had trouble actually installing them
was not liked by Lenin

13. Joseph Stalin In Control
1924 – assumes full control after Lenin dies

14. Stalin’s Repression & Terror
terrorized country with widespread arrests and executions
anyone thought to be opposed to Stalin and Communism was executed on the spot

15. “Reign of Terror” 1934 “great purges” and “show trials”
sent millions to Soviet labor camps
2-7 million innocent citizens are murdered
forced confessions
public accusations
employed KGB to repress any opposition
used publications to report statistics inaccurately in his favor

16. Secret Police Created secret police force KGB, later known as the NKVD
August 1938 Stalin brought Beria to Moscow as deputy head of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria

17. Stalin’s Plan 1928 First “Five Year Plan”
attempt to make Russia a modern industrial state
“comrades” need to work harder so Soviet Russia can be a beacon of hope to workers everywhere
The following Poster is one that was used during the first Five Year plan in order to get the message across that the Soviet people should work together and promote industrialization.

18. Stalin in Power
1933 Second “Five Year Plan”- emphasized rapid growth of Soviet Industry
this worked fairly well
by the end, Soviet Russia was a formidable world power

19. Cult Of Personality
A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses mass media to create a larger-than-life public image through unquestioning flattery and praise.

20. Stalin the cult of personality

21. Secret Agreement
“German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact”: secret agreement between Stalin and Hitler
neither country would attack each other

22. Liar! Hitler lied! 1941- “Operation Barbarossa”
Germany fully attacks Russia!

23. Stalin’s Rule Against Trotsky
After Stalin came to power he wanted Trotsky out
Trotsky was banished three times from three places
1st : Expelled from Moscow
2nd: Expelled from the Communist Party
3rd: Expelled from Russia in 1936
Trotsky fled to Mexico in 1936
He was assassinated by Stalin’s orders in 1940
Stalin also had others assassinated under his rule including one of his own – Serge Kirov – in This was done as a show-trial.

24. Trotsky’s Blame called “Trotskyism” During Stalin’s rule:
Russia’s economic system failed
Violence, fear, and starvation occurred throughout the country
Trotsky was blamed for it all
called “Trotskyism”
Trotsky was blamed even after his assassination
Those who were associated with Trotsky were executed
In all, over 20 million citizens were purged (killed or imprisoned)

25. Stalin’s Doctors' plot
Alleged conspiracy to eliminate the leadership of the Soviet Union by means of Jewish doctors taking top leadership.
If America would see the way the Jews were treated, USA would want to fight Russia.
After the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953, the new Soviet leaders admitted that the case was fabricated.

26. Stalin Dies
Stalin ruled as absolute dictator throughout WWII and until his death on March 5th, 1953.
Theory on how he died:
1.Stalin was poisoned with warfarin, a powerful rat poison that makes blood rush to your brain, and the victim has a hemorrhagic stroke (cerebral hemorrhage).
2.He probably suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body, later dying of cerebral hemorrhage.

27. Communism
Communism:
Social Utopia where all property is held in common and ALL are equal
(Production and goods are commonly owned)
Friedrich Engels Karl Marx

28. Socialism
Socialism: A social system or theory in which the producers possess political power and the means of producing and distributing goods

29. Capitalism
Adam Smith
Capitalism: Economic system characterized by open competition in a free market and by private corporate ownership of the means of production and distribution
Smith devised a set of concepts that remain strongly associated with capitalism today, particularly his theory of the "invisible hand" of the market, through which the pursuit of individual interest produces a collective good for society.

30. *Russian Revolution = Animal Farm *Communism = “Animalism”
Symbolism
*Russian Revolution = Animal Farm
*Stalin = Napoleon
*Communism = “Animalism”

31. Allegory
Underlying meaning and surface meaning
Grand in scope

32. FABLE
A short story that has a moral and has animals as characters

33. SATIRE
A story that makes fun of something

34. George Orwell George Orwell: Eric Blair Animal Farm “A Fairy Story”
Orwell was born in England in 1903 and passed away in 1950
Educated at private schools including Eton
Was a part of snobbishness and elitism which lead him to hating the class system
disapproved of Communism
a socialist
Communism was not pure socialism because:
gulf in society
control of the peasants
hypocritical
used his writings to communicate a political message

35. Orwell and Satire Orwell became a socialist as well as a satirist
Satire: The use of ridicule to attack ideas/failures/evil action
Orwell became a critic of capitalism and communism
Animal Farm is a Satire and an Allegory

36. Characters and Their Historical Correlation
Napoleon: Pig, Joseph Stalin and Napoleon B. of France
Snowball: Pig, Leon Trotsky
Boxer: Cart Horse, Working Class Society/Inability to think for self
Squealer: Pig, Spread propaganda
Major: Prize Winning Boar, Karl Marx and V. Lenin
Clover: Female Cart Horse, Ignorant Society
Moses: Tame Raven, Religion/Hope
Mollie: Mare, Bourgeoisie (upper middle-class)
Benjamin: Long Lived Donkey, Satirist – Change is inevitable

37. Characters and Their Historical Correlation
Muriel: Goat, helps convey the rules/7 commandments
Mr. Jones: Manor Farm, Tsar Nicholas II
Mr. Frederick: Pinchfield Farm, Hitler/Nazi Germany
Mr. Pilkington: Foxwood Farm, Capitalist England/U.S.A.
Mr. Whymper: Human Solicitor, ties humans and animals together
Jessie and Bluebell/Pups: Dogs, Stalin’s brute force-rep. of Hitler’s brainwashed society
Minimus: Poet Pig, Manipulator of History (Songs)

38. Chapter’s 1 (Summary)
Drunken Mr. Jones to bed/animals meet in the barn
Major Wishes to pass his wisdom
Talks about miserable lives and manipulation/born as slaves
Could live in luxury given the resources
Use the products of their labors
Dream from the Previous Night
Live free and happy
Animals vs. humans (2 legged walking ‘creatures’)
Once they take the humans they can’t acquire their traits
Ex: live in a house, sleep in beds, drink, smoke, $, clothes, trade (p. 31)
“Beasts of England” --- an animal Utopia
Mr. Jones fires a shotgun and stops the commotion

39. Chapter (Analysis)
“Beasts of England”- the animals will finally be free from man’s domination—enjoy the fruits of their labors
The song words lead to a ‘false reality’
(Reality vs. a Dream Utopia)
Major’s simple belief is that ‘Man’ is the only reason for their evil (makes it easy for anyone non human to buy in to the situation
Idea touches on class struggle, surplus value, and domination
Idea is sincere, but it’s only a fantasy—just like . . .
Major states: “All animals are equal”
Lenin dies – just as Major – leaving his work unfinished
Ch. 1=Historic to period before and during WWI
Ends with great unrest!

40. Chapter 2 (Summary) Napoleon/Snowball description (35)
The Rebellion -- Animals take farm and preserve the house
Animalism
Moses -- Sugar Candy Mountain
7 Commandments:
1. 2 legs is the enemy
2. 4 legs or wings is a friend
3. No clothes
4. No bed
5. No alcohol
6. Not kill any other animal
7. All animals are equal

41. Chapter 2 (Analysis) Russian Revolution Becomes very clear
Manor Farm - Part feudal, Part capitalist = Russia
Major represents Marx’s philosophy of communism, and Lenin who enacted it = Animalism
Animals=working class (esp. Boxer and Clover)
Pigs = intelligentsia (organized and controlled the Rev.)
Squealer = Propaganda
Moses = Russian Orthodox Church
Mollie = Bourgeoisie (Luxuries)
Russia began with noble ideas including moral dignity and equality -- quickly gone on Animal Farm
Orwell’s description of pre-rebellion misery -- social inequality and mistreatment of workers

42. Chapter 3 (Summary) “4 legs good, 2 legs bad” -
Pigs take charge/superiority-
take the milk
raise the pups
A lot of work is done- BOXER “I will work harder”
Flag with hoof and horn (Russian Flag)
Snowball and Napoleon fight (p48)
Pigs take human ways (p49)
Socialists goals became meaningless tools used for control
4 legs/2 legs—what about wings?
Dog Army-(p51)
Manipulation (Read Passage)-(p52)

43. Chapter 3 (Analysis) Boxer’s (People’s) blind faith in the system
Imbalance of knowledge and literacy
Pigs/Stalin -- sole guardians of Animal Farm/Russian principals
7 Commandments
Antihuman directive (no clothes), moral values (do not kill other animal), utopian ideas (all animals equal)
4 legs good/2 legs bad = not part of the above ideals
Propaganda was used to ignore their own unhappiness/shift focus
Squealer = Propaganda to control the people
Satire – “Good of the State” – emphasizes Russia’s own downfall - pokes fun

44. Chapter 4 (Summary) The Short Version Battle of Cowshed
Medals: Animal Hero First Class
Snowball and Boxer

45. Chapter 4 (Analysis) Allusion: Julius Caesar Russian Interwar Period
Trotsky: In order for Communism to work, it has to be global
Domino Effect = Non communists become communist
Pres. Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson used this to justify military involvement in Turkey, Greece, and Vietnam
Rumors spread of Russia
People fight but don’t understand what they are fighting for
Their own oppression = Irony
Orwell was (perhaps) denouncing Comm. & non-Comm.
Mr. Jones = Irresponsible/Neglect
Mr. P = Don’t do anything

46. Chapter 5 (Summary) Mollie decides to change sides
Napoleon/Snowball argue a lot
Each campaign for supporters
Windmill plans completed – debate over the project
Snowball is attacked and ousted
Napoleon takes power (Pig Power)
Boxer adds to his ‘catch phrase’ “I will work harder”
“Napoleon is always right”

47. Chapter 5 (Analysis) Napoleon rises as did Stalin
Snowball/Trotsky is banished
Stalin has his own secret police (intelligentsia) = Dogs
3rd World Country (p64)- Build technology/electricity
Stalin first balked at it, then adopted it as his own idea
Orwell was part of a Trotskyist group in the late 1930s during the Spanish Civil War
Could be why Snowball is looked at in a positive manner
Importance of technological advances in Russia is essential
Much effort was put into the overall change
As previously mention-Stalin shunned it at 1st, then took it as his own

48. Chapter 6 (Summary) Work weeks were now 60hr/wk and work on Sundays
Food rations were cut
Animals eager to take more work b/c it’s for their own benefit
Mr. Whimper -- Human solicitor introduced
Used to obtain outside goods needed (iron, nails, paraffin oil)
Pigs now live and sleep in farm house
Commandments changed
No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets
Storm destructs windmill
Supposed work of Snowball
Snowball is given a death sentence

49. Chapter 6 (Analysis) Government Oppression (not just in Russia)
Overworked working class
Government justified luxuries
Propaganda is used to cover up mistakes
Governments tend to blame others for their own deficiencies and wrong doings to keep their own standing
Ex: Communist Russia vs. Trotskyism
Ex: U.S.A. vs. Communism
By shifting the blame it is easy to manipulate
Orwell’s idea: Tyranny is Cyclical
More Power = More Corrupt
Pigs evolve into grotesque human beings -- increased resemblance to humans

50. Chapter 7 (Summary)
Harsh winter w/ food shortage (p85) – Animals are misled
Humans don’t believe Snowball ruined wall -- rebuilt at 3’ thick
Egg shortage - increased export/morally wrong
Hens rebel and 9 die
Snowball’s supposed visits to farm- Everything blamed on him
‘Tied’ to Pinchfield (associate of Mr. Jones p 89)
Battle of Cowshed - bravery taken away and used against him p90
Napoleon’s battle bravery is hyped up
Squealer’s persuasion makes them believe p90
Napoleon stages a purge and takes more power
Pigs are forced to falsely confess to conspiracy w/Snowball
They are said to be ‘Trotskyists’ and immediately killed p91/92
Boxer stands up for the animals - Napoleon immediately stops Boxer
Egg rebellion confession - 3 more hens killed

51. Chapter 7 (Summary Cont.)
Boxer’s explanation of problem at hand p94
The fault is our own = WORK HARDER
Clover wonders how farm could have gotten like it is
Animals not smart enough to figure it out
Squealer: “No more beasts of England”
Song only applies to the rebellion - no need for rebellion now
New song with no inspiration
“Animal Farm. . .” - Glorifies the situation

52. Chapter 7 (Analysis)
Stalin’s 5 year plan for agriculture resulted in starvation of millions
Industrial production was also down
Violent tactics of oppressive governments
Massive class divisions in egalitarian/true communist society
Stalin also had ‘show trials’ (trials w/ preset outcome)
Forced people to admit Trotskyism
People tortured until admission then executed
Stalin kept a common enemy - Trotsky
Create fear for people - no one challenged his rule
Manipulated statistics - illusion that all is good/better
Fear installed b/c people believe propaganda
An indestructible dictatorship formed - far from communism

53. Chapter 8 (Summary)
“No kill” commandment is changed to “. . . w/out cause”
Animals work harder to rebuild windmill
Very cold winter with famine
Napoleon takes title of “Leader”
Minimus writes a poem on barn praising Napoleon
Controversy between Frederick and Pilkington w/ firewood
Windmill is finished - Mr. F. and men blow it up
Several animals are killed/Boxer is injured
Pigs get drunk
Squealer caught w/ paint brush (changing commandments)
Animals not smart enough to figure it out
Alcohol Commandment Changed to “. . . In excess”

54. Chapter 8 (Analysis)
Overall idea of manipulated rules and govt. to benefit the politically and militaristic powers
Minimus’s Poem: great irony/satire of patriotic rhetoric
Creates a misdirection (propaganda) for the public
Pilkington vs. Frederick Incident
Russia/Stalin’s back and forth nature of siding with Germany and then the Allies at the outset of WWII
@ last moment, Stalin signs a non-aggression pact with Hitler
Hitler (Frederick) betrays his word and invades Western Russia killing 25 million Russians and destroying much of the infrastructure built up during the Russian Revolution
This is known as the Battle of Stalingrad
Movie: Enemy at the Gate

55. Chapter 9 (Summary) Start to rebuild the Windmill Boxer grows weak
Food Shortage Evident (but not for Pigs and Dogs)
They say it’s still better than Mr. Jones’s era
Napoleon has 31 piglets w/4 sows - builds a schoolhouse
Spontaneous demonstrations promoting animal farm
Animal farm declared a Republic - Napoleon named Pres.
Snowball has rumored to say “Long live humanity” during the battle of cowshed
Sugar Candy Mountain stories started again by Moses
Boxer falls and collapses
Arranged for ambulance (Glue Factory)
Boxer announced as incurable and had died (False info)

56. Chapter 9 (Analysis) Blatant downfall of Animal Farm/Russia
Boxer’s death is ironic
He worked for the good of all, but is sold for the good of a few
Boxer is sold for alcohol
His death breaks a lot of commandments
Death in a Glue Factory increases the dramatic power of Orwell’s words
Russian administration exhausted its worker resources and then discarded them
Return of Moses means shift of focus of working class
Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church after WWII
Spontaneous Demonstrations = Ironic b/c they weren’t spontaneous, they were all planned out for propaganda

57. Chapter 10 (Summary)
Many years have now passed (Dead: Muriel, Pincher, Bluebell, Jessie, Mr. Jones, . . .)
Windmill is now used for corn = more $
Pigs and dogs are still in luxury
Other animals still accept the goals of the original Rebellion
This is a world free of humans with equality for animals
Squealer is now walking on his hind legs only
Sheep adopt the maxim: “4 legs good, 2 legs better”
Only 1 commandment is left!
“All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others”
Napoleon smokes pipe, others read, use radio/phone, wear clothes
Napoleon and Pilkington toast each other - No more Comrade
Name changed back to Manor Farm
Card Game - Ace of Spades played at the same time (Nap/Pilk)
No longer distinguish the card players from the humans/pigs

58. Chapter 10 (Analysis)
Totalitarian Communism (controlled by the state/dictator)
No socialism or utopia at all
Napoleon B. (France) used to be thought of as great during his conquest until he crowned himself emperor of France
Instead of abolishing aristocracy, he formed it around himself
Hope is help, until the end - provides dramatic contrast
Original ideas by Major/Marx = Dream/Philosophy
Very shocking language - evolution of events
Cooperation of Russia and the West during WWII is evident
Quarrel over what both desire but can’t have is evident
WORLD DOMINATION
Banquet shows coop w/ Eng./U.S.A./Russia during WWII
Stalin dies in 1953