1. Mrs. Caruso Notes for Animal Farm

2.  Major Characters:  Czar Nickolas II-  the last king of Russia  Vladimir Lenin  - leader of the communist movement  Leon Trotsky- Lenin’s friend,  communist /planner of the revolution  Joseph Stalin- Participates in the Russian Revolution;  later rules Russia with deadly force

3.  The Romanovs  Last family to rule Russia  “Czar” is taken from Roman word “Caesar” meaning “Emperor”  Part of a 303 year history of Russian Rulers  Family members related to all major European monarchs, including England and Germany

4.  Czar Nicholas II  Traditional/Old fashioned ruler  Pays little attention to his people  Gained the throne at age 28 upon father’s death  Royal family under the influence of Rasputin (a monk, doctor, astrologer, with “supernatural powers”  Nicholas focuses on expanding  Empire to include FINLAND and POLAND  Has conflicts with Sweden and Germany

5.  Nicholas and the Industrial Revolution  Does not respect or take interest in new technology  Makes no rules for industry to protect workers  Railroads have no set standard  Size of rails and cars vary by region-

6.  Makes no attempt to change economy  Still bad conditions for working class  He gives workers more rights in 1905 out of fear  He exiles leaders after their attempts to organize and overtake the system including Lenin and Trotsky  Takes up violence against worker’s protests  170 miners were shot dead by the Russian army when they went to express their concerns to Nicholas in 1912 (Bloody Sunday)- helps spark the Revolution

7.  Final issues  1904-05- Russia has a was with Japan and is beaten  Nicholas focuses on Foreign policy instead of helping its own people  July 1914- Russia enters WWII as U.S. ally  The war destroys their economy even further The Romanovs continue to live lavishly while their people suffer

8.  December 18, 1916  The Leaders of the Russian government rebel and execute Rasputin (the family “wizard”)  Felix Yusupov is NOT executed by the Romanovs because they know he is loved by the people, so instead he is sent to exile with his family in southern Russia  By not executing the man who shot Rasputin, the Romanovs now appear weak and powerless

9.  February 1917  WWI continues  Cities in Russia filled with food lines  Crowds stage demonstrations against war and government  Nicholas responds with violence  Troops are ordered to fire on demonstrators  The demonstrators DO NOT go away  The police JOIN the crowds

10.  March 2, 1917  Nicholas signs act of abdictation (quits)  Russia now under competing governments  *Provisional Government- middle class owners  *Soviet (representative)- workers  Provisional government wins the power struggle  *Vladimir Lenin  Leader of the Bolsheviks (communists)  Learns events from his exile in Switzerland

11.  *Alexander Karensky  A deputy in the Russian Government  Liked socialism as a means of helping Russia, but saw communism as terrorism  Late February, 1917, took over the revolt and became its leader.  Becomes leader of the Provisional government  Sends the Romanovs into exile in Ekaterinburg  Western capitalist nations like him

12.  Summer 1917  *Karinsky’s war offensive is a disaster  Russian army is deserting by the thousands  Bolsheviks make their first moves  Trotsky returns to Russia; Lenin is on his way  They declare provisional government “bourgeois”  Early uprising against government fails  The New Russian Government is collapsing!