1. LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP May 31, 2011 NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer: Little Mission, Big Science Presented by: Dr. Rick Elphic and Brian Day

2. Rick Elphic, LADEE Project Scientist NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer: Little Mission, Big Science May 31, 2011 NSTA Webinar Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer: Little Mission, Big Science May 31, 2011 NSTA Webinar

3. 3 LADEE: Big Science Outline of Talk 1.Science Background for LADEE 2.LADEE Payload: 3 science instruments, 1 tech demo 3.LADEE Spacecraft 4.LADEE Launch Vehicle 5.LADEE Mission Profile 6.Schedule & Cost

4. Science Background

5. 5 LADEE: Big Science LADEE: Science Focus Lunar Exosphere: A nearby example of a common type of atmosphere, the Surface Boundary Exosphere. Dust: Does evidence point to electrostatic lofting? In 2008, the door opened to investigate these questions: NASA Hq directed Ames Research Center to do the LADEE mission.

6. 6 LADEE: Big Science 2003 NRC Decadal Survey: “New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy” LEAG Roadmap Objective Sci-A-3: Characterize the environment and processes …in the lunar exosphere National Research Council (NRC) report, “Scientific Context for the Exploration of the Moon” (SCEM) 2011 NRC Decadal Survey: “Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022” –Execute LADEE mission LADEE Science Background

7. 7 LADEE: Big Science Exospheres and Dust May 17-20, 2011 LADEE CDR ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING 7 Io Europa & other Icy satellites Rhea Europa & other Icy satellites Rhea Eros Large Asteroids & KBOs Moon Itokawa Surface Boundary Exospheres (SBEs) may be the most common type of atmosphere in the solar system… Evidence of dust motion on asteroids and the Moon....

8. 8 LADEE: Big Science Lunar Exosphere – Measurements LACE 40 Ar Measurements Surface measurements: Ar and He Earth-based measurements: Na and K May 17-20, 2011 LADEE CDR ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING 8

9. 9 LADEE: Big Science SELENE/Kaguya Observations of Na 9 UPI-TVIS instrument Viewed Na column away from Moon Distribution consistent with hot source (2000 – 6000 K)

10. 10 LADEE: Big Science SELENE/Kaguya Observations of Na 10 UPI-TVIS instrument Viewed Na column away from Moon Distribution consistent with hot source (2000 – 6000 K) Density varies over 3- month timescale Density appears to decrease between 1 st quarter and 3 rd quarter

11. 11 LADEE: Big Science The Moon has a Sodium Tail! 11 The Moon’s Na exosphere doesn’t stay put – it blows away! At New Moon, the Na atoms going antisunward are gravity-focused by Earth. All-sky images from Earth reveal this anti- solar tail.

12. 12 LADEE: Big Science The Moon has a Sodium Tail! 12 The Moon’s Na exosphere doesn’t stay put – it blows away! At New Moon, the Na atoms going antisunward are gravity-focused by Earth. All-sky images from Earth reveal this anti- solar tail. Off-band subtracted

13. 13 LADEE: Big Science Lunar Exosphere – Solar Wind Input 13 (Wieser et al, 2009) Chandrayaan Neutral Particles: >1 eV neutral hydrogen is lost.

14. 14 LADEE: Big Science “Disappearing” Surficial H 2 O and OH Clark et al Science 2009 Chandrayaan-1 M 3, EPOXI and Cassini VIMS 3-  m observations. Presence of H2O and OH in/on surface grains: o Signature deepest at high latitudes and off-noon local times. o Where do OH, H 2 O go? Into exosphere? Polar cold traps? Pieters et al Science 2009 LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING

15. 15 LADEE: Big Science LCROSS Impact Results LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING 15 Add other species: CH 4, CO 2, SO 2 Water Vapor and Water Ice in Model Fit: 7.4% ± 5% by mass

16. 16 LADEE: Big Science Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites experiment (LEAM) Berg et al., 1976 Terminators Apollo surface experiment LEAM detected dust activity correlated with the lunar terminators Lunar Dust: Electrostatic Levitation?

17. 17 LADEE: Big Science Surveyor 7 images of lunar horizon glow (“LHG”) Prevailing theory: <10  m dust, ~150m away, ~1m high on sunset horizon LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING Lunar Dust: Electrostatic Levitation?

18. 18 LADEE: Big Science Lunar Dust – in Orbit? Gene Cernan sketches from Apollo Command Module McCoy and Criswell, 1974 Eyewitness accounts of “streamers” from Apollo command module Too bright to be meteoritic ejecta Exosphere and/or high altitude (50 km) dust is one possibility Key goal if LADEE is to help resolve this open question Apollo CM Trajectory Dust? LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING 18

19. 19 LADEE: Big Science LADEE Project Level Science Objectives LADEE Objective 1: Determine the composition of the lunar atmosphere and investigate the processes that control its distribution and variability, including sources, sinks, and surface interactions. LADEE Objective 2: Characterize the lunar exospheric dust environment and measure any spatial and temporal variability and impacts on the lunar atmosphere. July 20 – 23, 2010LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING 19

20. Let’s pause for questions from the audience

21. LADEE Payload

22. 22 LADEE: Big Science LADEE Payload: 3 science, 1 tech demo Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX) HEOS 2, Galileo, Ulysses and Cassini Heritage Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) MSL/SAM Heritage UV-Vis Spectrometer (UVS) LCROSS heritage Lunar Laser Com Demo (LLCD) Technology demonstration Dust and exosphere measurements A. Colaprete NASA ARC In situ measurement of exospheric species P. Mahaffy NASA GSFC 51-622 Mbps 150 Dalton range/unit mass resolution M. Horányi LASP High Data Rate Optical Comm D. Boroson MIT-LL High Data Rate Optical Comm D. Boroson MIT-LL SMD - directed instrument SMD - Competed instrument SOMD - directed instrument

23. 23 LADEE: Big Science LADEE Neutral Mass Spectrometer NMS Team: Instrument PI: Dr. Paul Mahaffy/GSFC Instrument Manager: Dr. Todd King/GSFC Instrument SE: Jim Kellog/GSFC Participating Organizations: NASA/GSFC U. Michigan/Space Physics Research Lab Battel Engineering AMU Engineering Nolan Engineering Measurement Concept: High-sensitivity quadrupole mass spectrometer, mass range 1 - 150 Dalton and unit mass resolution. At 50-km or lower can detect helium, argon and other species. Ultra high vacuum (UHV) materials and processing used in the fabrication of NMS yield a substantial improvement over background instrument noise from Apollo era instruments, corresponding increase in sensitivity of the measurement. The sensitivity is necessary to adequately measure the low density atmosphere of the moon. Performance Data: Closed Source species: He, Ar, non-reactive neutrals Open Source species: neutrals and ions Mass Range: 2 - 150 Da Mass Resolution: unit mass resolution over entire range Sensitivity: 10 -2 (counts per second) / (particles per cc) Mass: 11.3 kg Volume: 23,940 cm3 Envelope: 43.2 cm x 24.5 cm x 37.0 cm Power: 34.4 W average CDH interface: 422 differential Data Rate: 3.5 kbs Data Volume: 8.5e6 bits per orbit (assuming 40% duty cycle over a 113 min circular orbit)

24. 24 LADEE: Big Science Mass spectrum from CoNTour NMS

25. 25 LADEE: Big Science UV/Vis Spectrometer (UVS) Team: PI/PM: Dr. Tony Colaprete / ARC Instrument SEs: Leonid Osetinsky / ARC and Ryan Vaughan / ARC Participating Organizations: NASA/ARC Aurora Design & Technology Visioneering, LLC Measurement Concept: UVS includes UV-VIS Spectrometer, telescope, solar diffuser, & bifurcated optical fiber UVS observations consists of limb and occultation measurements Limb observations measure the lunar atmosphere, & also measure limb dust by measuring back- or forward-scattered sunlight Solar occultation observations measure lunar atmospheric dust extinction from 0 to 50 km Performance Data: In Limb mode measures atmospheric species including: K, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Li, OH, H 2 O By combining long integration times, UVS measures each specie to < current upper limits In limb mode measures dust (via scatter) at concentrations as low as 10 -4 per cc for r=100 nm size particles. In occultation mode measures dust (via extinction) at concentrations as low as 10 -4 per cc for r=100 nm size particles down 300 meters alt. 3.98 kg 14 W (average operation) July 20 – 23, 2010

26. 26 LADEE: Big Science Anticipated SNR Exospheric Species

27. 27 LADEE: Big Science Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) Measurement Concept : LDEX is an impact ionization dust detector Measures the mass of individual dust grains with m ≥ 1.7x10-16 kg (radius r g ≥ 0.3 micron) for impact speeds ≈ 1.7km/s Also measures the collective current due to grains below the threshold for individual detection, enabling the search for dust grains with r g ≈ 0.1 micron over the terminators Performance Data/Key Science Characterizes the dust exosphere by mapping size and spatial distribution of dust grains Measures relative contribution of dust sources: interplanetary vs. lunar origin. Mass: 3.45kg (with reserves) Power: 6.11W peak, 5W ops (with reserves) Data: 1kb/s Team: PI:Mihaly Horanyi PM: Mark Lankton IS: Zoltan Sternovsky SE:David Gathright Participating Organization: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Payload: 27

28. 28 LADEE: Big Science How LDEX works… ions electrons

29. 29 LADEE: Big Science LDEX Dust Accelerator data

30. 30 LADEE: Big Science LLCD Technology Demo LLCD Team: Mission Manager: Hsiao Smith/GSFC Principal Investigator: Don Boroson/MIT/LL Co-Investigator: Mike Krainak/GSFC Mission Systems Engineer: Brendan Feehan/BAH Financial Manager: Debbie Dodson/GSFC Participating Organization: NASA/GSFC MIT/Lincoln Laboratory (LL) LLCD has three primary parts: Lunar Lasercom Space Terminal (LLST) Lunar Lasercom Ground Terminal (LLGT) Lunar Lasercom Operations Center (LLOC) Objectives/Features: Demonstrate laser communication between the Earth and the LADEE spacecraft in lunar orbit. NASA’s first step in developing high performance laser communications systems for future operational missions. Demonstrate major functions – High bandwidth space to ground link using an optical terminal – Robust pointing, acquisition, tracking – Duplex communication day/night, full/new moon, high/low elevation, good/bad atmospherics – Time-of-flight measurements, as a by-product of the duplex communication, that could be built into a high-accuracy ranging system Performance Data: Space Terminal: – 10 cm, 0.5W, 1.55um – 40-622 Mbps xmt, 10-20 Mbps rcv – Duplex operation, fully gimbaled Ground Terminal – Downlink Receiver » 4@40cm; 40-622 Mbps » Superconducting Nanowire Detector Arrays – Uplink Transmitter » 4@15cm, 10W; 10-20 Mbps Mass: 32.8 kg (with reserves), Power: 136.5W July 20 – 23, 2010Payload: 30

31. LADEE Spacecraft

32. 32 LADEE: Big Science LADEE Common Bus Design History MCR: 3-module, 2- stage prop system with SRM & bi- prop, 4 Instruments, Launch solo on MinV SRR/MDR: 4-module, single-stage bi-prop system, 4 instruments, MinV Award/Kickoff: 3-module, 2-stage prop, 2 instruments, Launch w/GRAIL 1 2 3 PDR: see major changes since KDP-B on subsequent slide. Summary: Modular feature of S/C bus has been adaptable to change, but at cost of constraining mass margin available for PDR trade space. PDR: see major changes since KDP-B on subsequent slide. Summary: Modular feature of S/C bus has been adaptable to change.

33. 33 LADEE: Big Science LADEE: Ames Common Bus Spacecraft Radiator Assembly Propulsion Module Bus Module Extension Modules Payload Module LDEX NMS UVS LLCD

34. Let’s pause for questions from the audience

35. Launch Vehicle

36. 36 LADEE: Big Science Launch Vehicle: LADEE and Minotaur V PAF Stage 5 Avionics Cylinder

37. 37 LADEE: Big Science LADEE Launch Vehicle: A Sporty Ride! (Minotaur IV)

38. 38 LADEE: Big Science LADEE Launch from Wallops Flight Facility

39. Mission Profile

40. 40 LADEE: Big Science LADEE Post-launch: Phasing Loops 43 Re 60 Re 50 Re 60 Re 6.3 days 8.0 days 10.4 days Nominal Launch Vehicle Insertion Total Time of Flight: 30 Days 5.25 days

41. 41 LADEE: Big Science LADEE Lunar Orbit Acquisition ManeuverTimingDelta-VDuration LOI-1Periselene + 2 min (approx.) 267 m/s197 s (3 min 17 s) LOI-2LOI-1 + 2 Days296 m/s198 s (3 min 17 s) LOI-3LOI-1 + 4 Days239 m/s146 s (2 min 26 s)

42. 42 LADEE: Big Science Commissioning Phase Get science instruments working Perform LLCD Ops

43. 43 LADEE: Big Science Nominal Science Operations

44. 44 LADEE: Big Science End of Mission! (Gravity always wins…) Spacecraft and Orbit Maintenance: Planning key spacecraft activities to maximize time in orbit and science return Science Campaign: Planning for high value science opportunities at extremely low lunar altitude Impact into far side terrain (avoid legacy sites like Apollo, Luna, Surveyor etc.)

45. 45 LADEE: Big Science Schedule, Budget Launch slated for May, 2013 Overall mission cost: $236M Payload: $37.4M Spacecraft: $74.6M Launch Vehicle: $63.4M Rest includes: Project mgmt, SE, S&MA, Science, PL Mission Ops, Ground systems, I&T, EPO

46. 46 LADEE: Big Science LADEE: Mission of Many “Firsts” LADEE : First mission with Ames “common bus” architecture First flight of Minotaur V (modified Peacekeeper ICBM w/add’l upper stages) First deep space launch from Wallops Flight Facility Laser communications technology demonstration Partners Ames does s/c development, integration & test, mission operations GSFC is payload integrator, science operations WFF is launch integrator

47. Let’s pause for questions from the audience

48. LADEE Lunar Education Resources bringing lunar exploration into your classroom Brian Day – NASA Lunar Science Institute Brian.H.Day@nasa.gov

50. Lunar Sample Educational Disk Program Six samples of lunar material (three soils and three rocks) encapsulated in a six-inch diameter clear lucite disk are available for you to borrow and bring into your classroom. The disk is accompanied by written and graphic descriptions of each sample in the disk. Mr. Louis Parker JSC Exhibits Manager National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Mail Code AP 2101 NASA Parkway Houston, Texas 77058-3696 Telephone: 281-483-8622 FAX: 281-483-4876 EMail: louis.a.parker@nasa.govlouis.a.parker@nasa.gov

51. With Moon Zoo, students and members of the public can assist lunar scientists in analyzing the high-resolution images returned by the LROC instrument aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. They perform crater counts, search for boulders, and other interesting landforms.

53. Solar radiation and particles play key roles in the production of the lunar atmosphere. Your students can track the development of solar storms using data from student observations, observatories, and spacecraft. http://son.nasa.gov/tass/

54. Your students can help interpret data from NASA’s STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) spacecraft. http://www.solarstormwatch.com/

55. Impact Cratering: A major force in shaping the surface of the Moon and a potentially important source for the lunar atmosphere. http://quest/challenges/lcross/

56. Cratering the Moon NASA can simulate cratering impacts at the Ames Vertical Gun Range. Allows study of: Different impactor shapes, masses and compositions Different impact velocities and angles Different target compositions and structures

57. In the Cratering the Moon activity, students design their own lunar impact simulator. They conduct a study to determine what role the angle of incidence of an impact plays in determining how effective an impactor is in excavating material from beneath the Moon’s surface.

58. Fresno Co. Juvenile Justice Campus 3 teams totaling 60 students creating designs around LCROSS Impact the Moon Challenge. Demonstrates continues utilization of resources. Successfully engaging a particularly challenging student audience. Student-designed lunar impact simulator

59. NASA Meteoroid Environment Office Lunar Impact Monitoring Program Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) Lunar Meteoritic Impact Search Section Help lunar scientists determine the rate of meteoroid impacts on the Moon. Meteoroid impacts are an important source for the lunar exosphere and dust. Can be done with a telescope as small as 8 inches of aperture. It will be valuable to have as many observations as possible of lunar impacts during the LADEE mission. This will facilitate studies examining possible correlations between changes observed by LADEE and recorded impact events.

60. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/photos.html http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/

61. Meteor Counting The vast majority of meteoroids impacting the Moon are too small to be observable from Earth. Small meteoroids encountering the Earth’s atmosphere can result in readily-observable meteors. Conducting counts of meteors during the LADEE mission will allow us to make inferences as to what is happening on the Moon at that time. Much more simple requirements: a dark sky, your eyes, and log sheet. (a reclining lawn chair is very nice too!) International Meteor Organization (http://imo.net/) American Meteor Society (http://www.amsmeteors.org/) Image credit:NASA/ISAS/Shinsuke Abe and Hajime Yano

62. International Observe the Moon Night (InOMN) World-wide celebration of the Moon and lunar science. Events held at NASA centers, museums, and schools. InOMN 2010 featured over 500 events in more than 50 countries. InOMN 2011 will occur on Saturday, October 8. NASA programming streamed to local events. Visit http://www.observethemoonnight.org/ to find an event near you or to learn how to conduct your own event.

63. Additional Reading from NASA Science News NASA Mission to Study the Moon's Fragile Atmosphere: Overview of the lunar atmosphere and the LADEE mission. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/23oct_ladee/ Moon Storms: How results from from the Apollo missions provides evidence of levitated lunar dust. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ Moon Fountains: Describes the "fountain model" of levitating moondust. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/30mar_moonfountains/ Don't Breathe the Moondust: Examines the potential toxicity of lunar dust. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/22apr_dontinhale/ Crackling Planets: The electrostatic hazards of lunar and Martian dust. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/10aug_crackling/ En Route to Mars, the Moon: How learning to cope with lunar dust may help us in future explorations of Mars. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/18mar_moonfirst/

64. LADEE – http://www.nasa.gov/ladee NASA Lunar Science Institute - http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/ Exploring the Moon - http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/58199main_Exploring.The.Moon.pdf Lunar and Planetary Institute - http://www.lpi.usra.edu My Moon - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/mymoon/ Explore! - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/ LRO - http://www.nasa.gov/lro Solar System Exploration at JPL - http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov Year of the Solar System - http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss/ Lunar Samples Program - http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm Moon Zoo - http://www.moonzoo.org/ Tracking a Solar Storm - http://son.nasa.gov/tass/ Solar Stormwatch - http://www.solarstormwatch.com/ LCROSS Cratering the Moon - http://quest/challenges/lcross/ Lunar Impact Monitoring - http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/photos.html Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) - http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/ International Meteor Organization - http://imo.net/ American Meteor Society - http://www.amsmeteors.org/ International Observe the Moon Night - http://www.observethemoonnight.org/ Selected Online Resources

65. Thank you to the sponsor of tonight's Web Seminar: This web seminar contains information about programs, products, and services offered by third parties, as well as links to third-party websites. The presence of a listing or such information does not constitute an endorsement by NSTA of a particular company or organization, or its programs, products, or services.

66. http://learningcenter.nsta.org

67. http://www.elluminate.com

68. National Science Teachers Association Dr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director Conferences and Programs Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP NSTA Web Seminars Paul Tingler, Director Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator