1. Asia in Transition Chapter 17

2. THE QING DYNASTY

3. Founding the Qing Dynasty Prior to the 1600s, the Ming Dynasty was in control of China. In the early 1600s a chieftain named Nurhachi unified many tribes into a single group called the Manchu. Nurhachi’s son captured eastern Mongolia and Korea and started a new dynasty – the Qing Dynasty.

4. Economy Under the Qing Dynasty China’s economy continued to grow during the Qing dynasty. Qing rulers begin to require certain regions to specialize in producing certain goods. ◦ Specialize – to focus on production of one good instead of producing all goods. Traders transported goods along canals, rivers, and coastal waterways. Caravans also carried tea and silk to Central Asia and Russia.

5. Society in the Qing Dynasty Most people lived in the country and farmed crops like rice, wheat, tea, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and tobacco. As cities grew, the people living in the cities depended on the clothing and crops from the country. The growth of cities led to the rise of popular culture – a shared set of values and preference of a group of people.

6. Society in the Qing Dynasty Society was based on the family. Believed that each person had a role in life. ◦ Men – directed the activities of the whole family ◦ Women – married and went to live with the husband and his family.

7. Decline of the Qing Dynasty China’s population grew quickly under the Qing Dynasty. The growing population put pressure on the government to meet the needs of the people. Corruption was widespread in the government and many government officials would demand bribes in return for government assistance.

8. Decline of the Qing Dynasty The government raised taxes but did not do enough to help the peasant class. In 1796, members of a Buddhist cult started a revolt – called the White Lotus Rebellion. ◦ The government was able to regain control, but the rebellion seriously weakened the dynasty. Rebellions continued throughout the 1800s and caused the dynasty to come to an end.

9. CHINA & THE BRITISH

10. The British Come to China During the late 1600s, the British established a trading post in China. The British came to China to buy silk and tea. ◦ The Chinese placed harsh restrictions on British traders – could only trade in one city, had to stay in that city when you came to trade. ◦ In the late 1700s, new ideas over free trade led to a change in relationship between the two countries. The British East India Company monopolized the tea trade in China.

11. The British – Free Trade Ideas The concept of free trade developed in the west as a reaction to mercantilism. ◦ Free trade – trade between nations without additional costs or restrictions. ◦ Mercantilism – the idea that there is only so much wealth in the world, and to gain wealth a country might have to take some wealth from another country. The British wanted free trade in China and want to end the British East India Company’s monopoly on the tea trade.

12. The British – Free Trade Ideas The British government began to debate the idea of free trade because it wanted to open up other markets for British goods. The British government asked the Chinese to open up additional ports in other cities, but the Chinese refused. In 1833 the British abolished the British East India Company’s monopoly on the tea trade and caused the business to lose its power.

13. The British – Opium Trade The British had originally traded cotton for tea in China. There was a limited Chinese demand for cotton, but the British demand for tea kept growing. ◦ The British had to find a new product to trade for tea – they chose opium. The Chinese people became addicted to the opium and too much of China’s money was flowing out of the country.

14. The British – Opium Trade The Chinese government became concerned over how much wealth was leaving China to Great Britain. The Chinese government demanded that the sale of opium end, and that all opium on ships already in China be turned over to the Chinese government.

15. The Opium Wars The British government did not agree with China’s demands for the end of the opium trade. The Chinese tried to forcibly stop the trade which caused a war to break out. ◦ This became known as the Opium War. The Opium War lasted from 1839 to 1842. The British easily defeated the Chinese with their navy. ◦ This caused the Chinese to renegotiate the terms of the opium trade.

16. The Opium Wars The Treaty of Nanjing was a compromise between the British and the Chinese to end the Opium War. ◦ China gave the island of Hong Kong to the British ◦ Opened 5 ports to British ships ◦ British goods would be taxed, but at a low rate ◦ Established the idea of extraterritoriality – when traveling to a foreign country, people were subject to the laws of their home country, not the country they were visiting. This greatly benefited the British because they had no obligations under the treaty.

17. REBELLION

18. The Taiping Rebellion In 1850, a man name Hong Xiuquan started a rebellion in China. He said that he was going to start a new dynasty called Taiping. ◦ Said the dynasty would be one that existed in peace. ◦ Attracted many followers who were tired of the war in China. The rebellion killed millions of people, destroyed cities and farmlands, and seriously weakened the Qing Dynasty.

19. JAPAN & THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUNS

20. Founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate In 1467 rival branches of the Ashikaga family became involved in a dispute over who should be the next shogun – Japanese word for leader or ruler. The dispute started almost 100 years of war in Japan. In the late 1500s, three daimyo won this long struggle and established the centralized feudal system in Japan. ◦ Daimyo – powerful territorial lord in Japan

21. Oda Nobunaga The first overlord in Japan’s new government was Oda Nobunaga. He used conquests and alliances to capture the city of Kyoto in 1568. In 1573 he ended the Ashikaga shogunate and started to increase his power in Japan. In 1582 he was attacked by one of his own people and committed suicide because he was badly wounded.

22. Toyotomi Hideyoshi The second overlord was Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He was the leader of Oda Nobunaga’s army & took over when he died. Forced other diamyo to pledge their loyalty to him and decreased the size of their territory. Invaded Korea, but were pushed back by the Korean army. Died in 1598, and the Japanese left Korea and returned to Japan.

23. Tokugawa Ieyasu The third and most powerful overlord was Tokugawa Ieyasu. Established the capital of Japan in present-day Tokyo. Defeated other diamyo who wanted power, but let them keep their land. His family would keep control of Japan for almost 250 years. ◦ This marks the start of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

24. Tokugawa Rule The political system under the Tokugawa was a mix of feudalism and a central monarchy. ◦ Each diamyo ruled his territory as an absolute ruler. ◦ Peasants paid taxes to support the diamyo. ◦ Had a strong central government that brought stability to Japan. ◦ Closed the country to foreign influence by banning most overseas trade, and prohibiting Japanese citizens from traveling outside the country.

25. Life in Tokugawa Japan Society was organized into strict social classes. Shogun Samurai Peasants Artisans Merchants

26. Life in Tokugawa Japan A person’s social class was determined by birth with sons following the occupation of their father. A person was not allowed to move out of the class they were born into. Members of the samurai were encouraged to study Confucian ideas. Schools were established to train young members of the samurai for their role as government officials during times of peace.

27. Change in Tokugawa Japan Although the rulers of Japan attempted to control society, they could not prevent economic, political, and social change.

28. Change in Tokugawa Japan Changes that occurred included: ◦ Expanded trade ◦ Growth of cities ◦ Rise of popular culture ◦ New art, literature, and theatre

29. End of Japanese Isolation The Tokugawa shogun’s wanted to keep Japan isolated so they refused to let foreign ships into their ports. In 1853, President Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry and a strong Navy force to negotiate a treaty with Japan. Commodore Perry presented a letter to the Japanese that encouraged them to open their borders to American ships.

30. End of Japanese Isolation This created controversy in Japan. ◦ Some leaders wanted to continue isolationism. ◦ Other leaders wanted to accept the American treaty and open the borders to U.S. ships. In 1854, Commodore Perry and the shogun negotiated the terms and drafted the Treaty of Kanagawa. ◦ Opened 2 ports to U.S. ships. ◦ Opened trade between Japan & U.S. ◦ Allowed the establishment of consulates – diplomatic offices of foreign governments.

31. End of Japanese Isolation In 1858, the U.S. and Japan negotiated a new treaty. ◦ Japanese open more ports to the U.S. ◦ Allowed each country to send foreign ministers into the other ◦ Opened international trade

32. End of the Tokugawa Shogunate Many people in Japan were upset by the treaties. They criticized the Tokugawa shogunate for making these deals with the U.S. Civil war broke out in Japan and people called for major reforms. The anti-Tokugawa forces overthrew the government and established a new one with more power for the emperor and a stronger centralized government.