1. North-South Struggle for Kansas Northerners – typically pioneers Small # financed by New England Emigrant Aid Company Antislavery organization financing the movement of northerners to Kansas (increase anti-slavery #s) Southerners were outraged Supported K-N Act w/ the understanding that Kansas = slave and Nebraska = free 1855 – Election of Territorial Legislature “Border Ruffians” – proslaveryites came from Missouri to vote in KS election. Slavery supporters win and set up gov. @ Shawnee Mission (Fraud) Free-Soilers set up their own gov. in Topeka (illegal) Breaking Point!! –1856 – Proslavery raiders destroyed Lawrence (free-soil town)

2. Kansas con’t 1857 – Kansas has enough people to apply for “Popular Sovereignty” statehood Proslavery (tricky) – Lecompton Constitution Vote for constitution w/ or w/out slavery If voted against slavery, additional clause protected owners of slaves already in Kansas Free-soilers enraged (no chance of free Kansas) Boycott polls, Proslavery forces adopt constitution w/ slavery Washington President Buchanan (D) – strongly influenced by southern forces supported LC Douglas (D-IL) – champion of popular sovereignty not pleased – called for LCto be submitted to popular vote Free-soilers plow it under Democratic party divided -- North vs. South

3. Blood on the Senate Floor Bleeding Kansas spilled over to Congress 1856 – Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner delivered enraged speech “The Crime Against Kansas” Preston Brooks resented insults May 22, 1856 – Brooks struck Sumner with an 11 oz. cane until it broke (bleeding and unconcious) Brooks resigns, but is reelected! Sumner forced to leave for medical treatment

4. Dred Scott Decision March 6, 1857 Simple case taken too far B/c a slave was private property, he or she could be taken into any territory and held legally as a slave Court ruled Missouri Compromise (repealed by Kansas-Nebraska Act) unconstitutional Congress didn’t have power to ban slavery from territories, regardless of what territories wanted

5. Financial Crash 1857 Causes: California Gold -- inflation Crimean War – over-stimulated growing of grain (Northern crop) Land & Railroad Speculation Effects were sectional North – hardest hit Demand for free farms of 160 acres from public lands Northerns and Southerners opposed 1860 – Homestead Act – public lands sold for 25 cents/acre Demand for higher tariff – protect American industry South – rode out the crash well due to cotton prices abroad – illusion of economic dominance over North

6. John Brown Obsessive abolitionist Enraged by proslavery attack on Lawrence, KS – led hacking of 5 proslaveryites Beginnings of civil war in Kansas – would later merge with the Civil War Scheme to secretly invade the south, create a slave uprising, provide them with arms, and establish a free black state Harpers Ferry – seized arsenal, but slaves failed to rise Captured by U.S. Marines and convicted of murder and treason Murderer or Martyr?

7. Election of 1860 Democrats split Douglas – North South Dems viewed as traitor – Lecompton Constitution and Freeport Doctrine Breckenridge – South South Dems nominated in response to Douglas New Republican Party Lincoln Platform appealed to many groups Free-soilers – non-extension of slavery N manufacturing – protective tariff Immigrants – protection of rights West – internal improvements at federal expense Farmers – free homesteads from public lands

8. Results of Lincoln’s Victory South was not out of the ballgame Majority in the Supreme Court Democrats controlled the Senate and the House Slavery could not be touched where it already existed – amendment would be defeated South Carolina now had excuse to secede AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, and TX w/in 6 weeks (4 more later) Feb 1861 – Confederate States of America Pres. Jefferson Davis “Lame Duck” period Buchanan did not believe the south could legally secede, but could find no authority in the Constitution to stop them militarily

9. Crittenden Amendments Final attempts at compromise James Henry Crittenden (KY) – provisions designed to appease the South Slavery prohibited North of the 36°30’ parallel South of the line slavery federally protected Future states = popular sovereignty Lincoln rejects End of hope for compromise Elected on opposition to the extension of slavery

10. Why did the South Secede? Tipping of political balance New Republican Party Threatened rights as slaveholding minority “All we ask is the be let alone” – Jeff Davis Felt they could leave unopposed Nationalism Self-determination Few seceders felt they were doing anything wrong