1. A Stochastic LCA Framework for Embodied Greenhouse Gas Analysis Dr David Shipworth School of Construction Management and Engineering University of Reading - UK

2. Objectives Model effect of policies encouraging low carbon technologies (e.g. Carbon taxes & Emission Trading) Model effect of policies encouraging low carbon technologies (e.g. Carbon taxes & Emission Trading) Avoid misrepresentation of single ‘average’ CO 2eq figures for materials Avoid misrepresentation of single ‘average’ CO 2eq figures for materials To capture lost information (variance, skewness, etc) To capture lost information (variance, skewness, etc) Model the ‘carbon diversity’ of materials Model the ‘carbon diversity’ of materials

3. Requirements of model Stochastic: Stochastic: Require probability distributions of embodied CO 2eq in materials Require probability distributions of embodied CO 2eq in materials Complete: Complete: Incorporate the system boundary completeness of Input-Output (IO) with the product specificity of Process Analysis (PA) (a ‘hybrid’ model) Incorporate the system boundary completeness of Input-Output (IO) with the product specificity of Process Analysis (PA) (a ‘hybrid’ model) Evolutionary: Evolutionary: Model to support progressive integration PA data as and when it becomes available Model to support progressive integration PA data as and when it becomes available

4. Data Sources UK National Environmental Accounts (UKNEA) UK National Environmental Accounts (UKNEA) 91 sector IO accounts 91 sector IO accounts Aggregated for environmental homogeneity Aggregated for environmental homogeneity UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) ~4400 emissions estimates by economic sector, source and fuel (thousand tonnes) for C, CH 4 & N 2 O ~4400 emissions estimates by economic sector, source and fuel (thousand tonnes) for C, CH 4 & N 2 O Includes non-fuel emission sources Includes non-fuel emission sources UK Annual Business Inquiry (ABI) UK Annual Business Inquiry (ABI) Total purchases data for 3-digit sub-sectors at basic prices Total purchases data for 3-digit sub-sectors at basic prices Existing process analysis data Existing process analysis data Anonymous, process level data by UKNEA sector Anonymous, process level data by UKNEA sector

5. Components of model: Expanded UKNEA UKNEA is 91x91 Environmental I-O matrix UKNEA is 91x91 Environmental I-O matrix Transaction between sectors is in £M Transaction between sectors is in £M Annual emissions vectors allow conversion to emissions flows (T.CO 2eq ) or intensities (T.CO 2eq /£M) Annual emissions vectors allow conversion to emissions flows (T.CO 2eq ) or intensities (T.CO 2eq /£M) Each sector contains between 0 and 9 SIC 3-digit sub-sectors Each sector contains between 0 and 9 SIC 3-digit sub-sectors Expanding to sub-sectors creates 91 by 161 (2-digit by 3-digit) matrix Expanding to sub-sectors creates 91 by 161 (2-digit by 3-digit) matrix

6. Components of model: Expanded UKNEA New column totals available from ABI New column totals available from ABI New 3-digit sub-sector row transaction totals are existing 2-digit transaction values New 3-digit sub-sector row transaction totals are existing 2-digit transaction values 2-digit sales to 3-digit sub-sectors reconstructed using GME method 2-digit sales to 3-digit sub-sectors reconstructed using GME method Product can be viewed either as: Product can be viewed either as: a 91 by 161environmental IO table; or a 91 by 161environmental IO table; or a 91x91 IO table with cells containing multi-state data a 91x91 IO table with cells containing multi-state data

7. Components of model: Emissions Intensities Use ~4400 NAEI data for C, CH 4 & N 2 O Use ~4400 NAEI data for C, CH 4 & N 2 O Allocate to SIC 3-digit (161) sub-sectors based on primary sector definitions Allocate to SIC 3-digit (161) sub-sectors based on primary sector definitions Gives total emissions from 3-digit sub-sector Gives total emissions from 3-digit sub-sector Use ABI data to convert to emissions intensities (T/£M) at the 3-digit level Use ABI data to convert to emissions intensities (T/£M) at the 3-digit level

8. Components of model: Bayesian Prior Apply 3-digit sub-sector emissions intensities to reconstructed transaction values between 2-digit sectors and 3-digit sectors Apply 3-digit sub-sector emissions intensities to reconstructed transaction values between 2-digit sectors and 3-digit sectors This gives Dirichlet emissions intensity distribution within each 2-digit sector This gives Dirichlet emissions intensity distribution within each 2-digit sector The number of states of the Dirichlet distribution equals number of 3-digit sub- sectors The number of states of the Dirichlet distribution equals number of 3-digit sub- sectors

9. Components of model: Process Analysis Data Use anonymous process level data Use anonymous process level data Data collected by UK ETS sector level entrants Data collected by UK ETS sector level entrants System boundary is UKNEA sector definition System boundary is UKNEA sector definition Data expressed as T.CO 2eq /£M Data expressed as T.CO 2eq /£M Represent data as multinomial distribution Represent data as multinomial distribution

10. Components of model: Bayesian integration Integrate prior I-O distribution (Dirichlet), with process data process distribution (Multinomial) Integrate prior I-O distribution (Dirichlet), with process data process distribution (Multinomial) Done using Markov Chain Monte Carlo package (WinBUGS) Done using Markov Chain Monte Carlo package (WinBUGS) Resulting ‘Posterior’ distribution is most heavily influenced by the stronger data set Resulting ‘Posterior’ distribution is most heavily influenced by the stronger data set New data can continually be integrated New data can continually be integrated

11. The UKNEA in graph theory terms The UKNEA is a 91 sector (node) deterministic graph The UKNEA is a 91 sector (node) deterministic graph Connected sectors are linked by a single pathway (edge) Connected sectors are linked by a single pathway (edge) The I-O matrix is the ‘adjacency’ matrix of this graph – a value in a cell indicates a pathway between sectors The I-O matrix is the ‘adjacency’ matrix of this graph – a value in a cell indicates a pathway between sectors Each pathway has an emissions intensity Each pathway has an emissions intensity Total emissions into a sector are found by tracing back along the carbon pathways Total emissions into a sector are found by tracing back along the carbon pathways The pathways create a carbon ‘tree’ for that sector The pathways create a carbon ‘tree’ for that sector

12. The Model in graph theory terms The Model is a 91 sector stochastic graph The Model is a 91 sector stochastic graph Connected sectors are linked by one or more pathways Connected sectors are linked by one or more pathways The expanded I-O matrix is the ‘adjacency’ matrix of this graph – a distribution in a cell indicates multiple pathways between sectors The expanded I-O matrix is the ‘adjacency’ matrix of this graph – a distribution in a cell indicates multiple pathways between sectors The distributions combine prior I-0 data integrated with process analysis data on an ongoing basis The distributions combine prior I-0 data integrated with process analysis data on an ongoing basis

13. The Model in graph theory terms Each of the pathways has a different emissions intensity Each of the pathways has a different emissions intensity Total emissions into a sector are found by tracing back along the carbon pathways – where there are multiple pathways one is chosen at random Total emissions into a sector are found by tracing back along the carbon pathways – where there are multiple pathways one is chosen at random The set of all possible pathways creates a carbon ‘forest’ for that sector The set of all possible pathways creates a carbon ‘forest’ for that sector The carbon diversity of the forest is the carbon diversity of the sector The carbon diversity of the forest is the carbon diversity of the sector